diff --git a/app/controllers/simplefin_items_controller.rb b/app/controllers/simplefin_items_controller.rb
index 32ba1deb4..836f7e10f 100644
--- a/app/controllers/simplefin_items_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/simplefin_items_controller.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class SimplefinItemsController < ApplicationController
   include SimplefinItems::MapsHelper
-  before_action :set_simplefin_item, only: [ :show, :edit, :update, :destroy, :sync, :balances, :setup_accounts, :complete_account_setup ]
-  before_action :require_admin!, only: [ :new, :create, :select_existing_account, :link_existing_account, :edit, :update, :destroy, :sync, :balances, :setup_accounts, :complete_account_setup ]
+  before_action :set_simplefin_item, only: [ :show, :edit, :update, :destroy, :sync, :balances, :setup_accounts, :complete_account_setup, :dismiss_replacement_suggestion ]
+  before_action :require_admin!, only: [ :new, :create, :select_existing_account, :link_existing_account, :edit, :update, :destroy, :sync, :balances, :setup_accounts, :complete_account_setup, :dismiss_replacement_suggestion ]
 
   def index
     @simplefin_items = Current.family.simplefin_items.active.ordered
@@ -123,6 +123,28 @@ class SimplefinItemsController < ApplicationController
     end
   end
 
+  # Marks one replacement-suggestion as dismissed so the banner stops showing
+  # for that specific (dormant, active) pair. Composite key lets us suppress
+  # just one option if a dormant card has multiple candidates, without hiding
+  # the others. Dismissals are persisted on the latest sync's sync_stats; a
+  # fresh sync emits new suggestions with fresh dismissal state.
+  def dismiss_replacement_suggestion
+    dormant_sfa_id = params.require(:dormant_sfa_id)
+    active_sfa_id = params.require(:active_sfa_id)
+    dismissal_key = "#{dormant_sfa_id}:#{active_sfa_id}"
+    sync = @simplefin_item.syncs.order(created_at: :desc).first
+
+    if sync
+      stats = sync.sync_stats.is_a?(Hash) ? sync.sync_stats.dup : {}
+      dismissed = Array(stats["dismissed_replacement_suggestions"])
+      stats["dismissed_replacement_suggestions"] = (dismissed + [ dismissal_key ]).uniq
+      sync.update!(sync_stats: stats)
+    end
+
+    redirect_back_or_to accounts_path,
+      notice: t(".dismissed")
+  end
+
   # Starts a balances-only sync for this SimpleFin item
   def balances
     # Create a Sync and enqueue it to run asynchronously with a runtime-only flag
@@ -365,9 +387,16 @@ class SimplefinItemsController < ApplicationController
     @account = Current.family.accounts.find(params[:account_id])
     simplefin_account = SimplefinAccount.find(params[:simplefin_account_id])
 
-    # Guard: only manual accounts can be linked (no existing provider links or legacy IDs)
-    if @account.account_providers.any? || @account.plaid_account_id.present? || @account.simplefin_account_id.present?
-      flash[:alert] = t("simplefin_items.link_existing_account.errors.only_manual")
+    # Cross-provider guard: we only support swapping SimpleFIN-to-SimpleFIN links
+    # here. If @account is linked to a different provider type (Plaid, Binance,
+    # etc.), require explicit unlink first so users don't silently lose
+    # cross-provider data. Same-provider relinks (e.g., Citi fraud replacement
+    # swapping to a new card sfa) are now allowed below.
+    has_foreign_provider = @account.account_providers
+      .where.not(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount").exists? ||
+      @account.plaid_account_id.present?
+    if has_foreign_provider
+      flash[:alert] = t("simplefin_items.link_existing_account.errors.different_provider")
       if turbo_frame_request?
         return render turbo_stream: Array(flash_notification_stream_items)
       else
@@ -390,6 +419,18 @@ class SimplefinItemsController < ApplicationController
     Account.transaction do
       simplefin_account.lock!
 
+      # Detach @account's EXISTING SimpleFIN link (if any) before attaching the
+      # new one. This is the fraud-replacement path: user is swapping from
+      # sfa_old (dead card) to sfa_new (replacement). Without this, @account
+      # would end up with two AccountProviders and the old sfa's data would
+      # still flow in on every sync.
+      @account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount").find_each do |existing_ap|
+        # Skip the one we're about to (re)assign — avoid deleting what we then recreate.
+        next if existing_ap.provider_id == simplefin_account.id
+        existing_ap.destroy
+      end
+      @account.update!(simplefin_account_id: nil) if @account.simplefin_account_id.present?
+
       # Clear legacy association if present (Account.simplefin_account_id)
       if (legacy_account = simplefin_account.account)
         legacy_account.update!(simplefin_account_id: nil)
diff --git a/app/helpers/simplefin_items_helper.rb b/app/helpers/simplefin_items_helper.rb
index d141bdf17..7f704279c 100644
--- a/app/helpers/simplefin_items_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/simplefin_items_helper.rb
@@ -38,4 +38,16 @@ module SimplefinItemsHelper
     parts << " — #{sample}" if sample.present?
     parts.join
   end
+
+  # Human-friendly relative-time phrase for an activity badge. Returns nil for
+  # a nil input so callers can fall through to "no activity" copy.
+  def activity_when(time, now: Time.current)
+    return nil if time.blank?
+    days = ((now.to_i - time.to_i) / 86_400).floor
+    case days
+    when ..0 then t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.today")
+    when 1 then t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.yesterday")
+    else t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.days_ago", count: days)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/simplefin_account.rb b/app/models/simplefin_account.rb
index 8b89db432..bf9571edb 100644
--- a/app/models/simplefin_account.rb
+++ b/app/models/simplefin_account.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ class SimplefinAccount < ApplicationRecord
     linked_account || account
   end
 
+  # Summary of transaction activity derived from raw_transactions_payload.
+  # Used by the setup UI and ReplacementDetector to distinguish live vs dormant
+  # accounts without re-parsing the payload at every call site.
+  def activity_summary
+    ActivitySummary.new(raw_transactions_payload)
+  end
+
   # Ensure there is an AccountProvider link for this SimpleFin account and its current Account.
   # Safe and idempotent; returns the AccountProvider or nil if no account is associated yet.
   def ensure_account_provider!
diff --git a/app/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary.rb b/app/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7179593f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+class SimplefinAccount
+  # Value object summarising the activity state of a SimpleFIN account's raw
+  # transactions payload. Used by the setup UI to help users distinguish live
+  # from dormant accounts, and by the ReplacementDetector to spot cards that
+  # have likely been replaced.
+  class ActivitySummary
+    DEFAULT_WINDOW_DAYS = 60
+
+    def initialize(transactions)
+      @transactions = Array(transactions).compact
+    end
+
+    def last_transacted_at
+      return @last_transacted_at if defined?(@last_transacted_at)
+      @last_transacted_at = @transactions.filter_map { |tx| transacted_at(tx) }.max
+    end
+
+    def days_since_last_activity(now: Time.current)
+      return nil unless last_transacted_at
+      ((now.to_i - last_transacted_at.to_i) / 86_400).floor
+    end
+
+    def recent_transaction_count(days: DEFAULT_WINDOW_DAYS)
+      cutoff = days.days.ago
+      @transactions.count { |tx| (ts = transacted_at(tx)) && ts >= cutoff }
+    end
+
+    def recently_active?(days: DEFAULT_WINDOW_DAYS)
+      recent_transaction_count(days: days).positive?
+    end
+
+    def dormant?(days: DEFAULT_WINDOW_DAYS)
+      !recently_active?(days: days)
+    end
+
+    def transaction_count
+      @transactions.size
+    end
+
+    private
+      # Extract a Time for sorting/windowing. Prefer transacted_at (SimpleFIN
+      # authored timestamp), fall back to posted. Zero values mean "unknown"
+      # in SimpleFIN (e.g., pending transactions have posted=0) and are ignored.
+      # Note: integer 0 is truthy in Ruby, so a plain `|| fallback` short-circuits
+      # and never falls back. Use explicit helper so transacted_at=0 properly
+      # yields to posted.
+      def transacted_at(tx)
+        return nil unless tx.is_a?(Hash) || tx.respond_to?(:[])
+        value = timestamp_value(fetch(tx, "transacted_at")) ||
+                timestamp_value(fetch(tx, "posted"))
+        return nil unless value
+        Time.at(value)
+      rescue StandardError
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def timestamp_value(raw)
+        return nil if raw.blank?
+        value = raw.to_i
+        value.zero? ? nil : value
+      end
+
+      def fetch(tx, key)
+        tx[key] || tx[key.to_sym]
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/models/simplefin_item/importer.rb b/app/models/simplefin_item/importer.rb
index c1a567aae..450e7883e 100644
--- a/app/models/simplefin_item/importer.rb
+++ b/app/models/simplefin_item/importer.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ class SimplefinItem::Importer
       # This allows the item to recover automatically when a bank's auth issue is resolved
       # in SimpleFIN Bridge, without requiring the user to manually reconnect.
       maybe_clear_requires_update_status
+
+      # Detect likely card-replacement scenarios (e.g., fraud replacement).
+      # Persist suggestions on sync_stats so the UI can render a relink prompt.
+      detect_replacement_candidates
     rescue RateLimitedError => e
       stats["rate_limited"] = true
       stats["rate_limited_at"] = Time.current.iso8601
@@ -326,6 +330,29 @@ class SimplefinItem::Importer
       sync.update_columns(sync_stats: merged) # avoid callbacks/validations during tight loops
     end
 
+    # Run the replacement detector on the current simplefin_item and stash
+    # suggestions on sync_stats for the UI to render. The detector is best-
+    # effort; any error is logged but never fails the whole sync.
+    def detect_replacement_candidates
+      suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(simplefin_item).call
+      return if suggestions.empty?
+
+      stats["replacement_suggestions"] = suggestions
+      persist_stats!
+      Rails.logger.info(
+        "SimpleFIN: detected #{suggestions.size} replacement suggestion(s) for item ##{simplefin_item.id}"
+      )
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(
+        "simplefin.replacement_suggestions",
+        item_id: simplefin_item.id,
+        count: suggestions.size
+      )
+    rescue => e
+      Rails.logger.warn(
+        "SimpleFIN: replacement detector failed for item ##{simplefin_item.id}: #{e.class} - #{e.message}"
+      )
+    end
+
     # Reset status to good if no auth errors occurred in this sync.
     # This allows automatic recovery when a bank's auth issue is resolved in SimpleFIN Bridge.
     def maybe_clear_requires_update_status
@@ -937,33 +964,17 @@ class SimplefinItem::Importer
     # Record non-fatal provider errors into sync stats without raising, so the
     # rest of the accounts can continue to import. This is used when the
     # response contains both :accounts and :errors.
+    #
+    # NOTE: per-institution partial errors (e.g. one bank's auth expired inside
+    # a SimpleFIN Bridge connection that spans many institutions) are recorded
+    # for observability but must NOT flip the whole simplefin_item to
+    # requires_update - that would block sync for every other institution on
+    # the same connection. The top-level handle_errors path is the correct
+    # place to flag the item when the SimpleFIN token itself is dead.
     def record_errors(errors)
       arr = Array(errors)
       return if arr.empty?
 
-      # Determine if these errors indicate the item needs an update (e.g. 2FA)
-      needs_update = arr.any? do |error|
-        if error.is_a?(String)
-          down = error.downcase
-          down.include?("reauth") || down.include?("auth") || down.include?("two-factor") || down.include?("2fa") || down.include?("forbidden") || down.include?("unauthorized")
-        else
-          code = error[:code].to_s.downcase
-          type = error[:type].to_s.downcase
-          code.include?("auth") || code.include?("token") || type.include?("auth")
-        end
-      end
-
-      if needs_update
-        Rails.logger.warn("SimpleFin: marking item ##{simplefin_item.id} requires_update due to auth-related provider errors")
-        simplefin_item.update!(status: :requires_update)
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(
-          "simplefin.item_requires_update",
-          item_id: simplefin_item.id,
-          reason: "provider_errors_partial",
-          count: arr.size
-        )
-      end
-
       Rails.logger.info("SimpleFin: recording #{arr.size} non-fatal provider error(s) with partial data present")
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(
         "simplefin.provider_errors",
diff --git a/app/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector.rb b/app/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f0838aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+class SimplefinItem
+  # Detects cases where a linked SimpleFIN account looks like it has been
+  # replaced by a new unlinked SimpleFIN account at the same institution
+  # (typical for credit-card fraud replacement: the bank closes the old card
+  # and issues a new one, so SimpleFIN returns both for a transition window).
+  #
+  # Heuristic:
+  #   * dormant_sfa:  linked to a Sure account, no activity in 45+ days,
+  #                   AND near-zero current balance.
+  #   * active_sfa:   unlinked, recently active (transactions in last 30 days),
+  #                   belongs to the same simplefin_item,
+  #                   same account_type and same organisation name as dormant_sfa.
+  #   * pair:         exactly one active_sfa matches. Two or more candidates
+  #                   are considered ambiguous and skipped to avoid a wrong
+  #                   auto-suggestion.
+  #
+  # The detector does NOT mutate any records. It returns a plain array of
+  # suggestion hashes which the caller (Importer) persists on sync_stats so
+  # the UI can render a prompt.
+  class ReplacementDetector
+    DORMANCY_DAYS = 45
+    ACTIVE_WINDOW_DAYS = 30
+    NEAR_ZERO_BALANCE = BigDecimal("1.00")
+
+    # Fraud-replacement is overwhelmingly a credit-card pattern (old card closed,
+    # new card issued with same institution/metadata). Checking/savings-account
+    # replacement exists but has very different UX cues (e.g., users get a new
+    # account number in advance). Scope narrowly for now; broaden later with
+    # account-type-aware copy if demand materialises.
+    SUPPORTED_ACCOUNT_TYPES = %w[credit credit_card creditcard].freeze
+
+    def initialize(simplefin_item)
+      @simplefin_item = simplefin_item
+    end
+
+    # @return [Array<Hash>] suggestions. Empty when no replacements detected.
+    def call
+      sfas = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts
+                            .includes(:linked_account, :account)
+                            .to_a
+                            .select { |sfa| supported_type?(sfa) }
+      active_unlinked = sfas.select { |sfa| unlinked?(sfa) && active?(sfa) }
+      return [] if active_unlinked.empty?
+
+      # First pass: for each dormant candidate, find unambiguous matching actives
+      # (exactly one). Rejects "one dormant → many actives" collisions.
+      candidates = sfas.filter_map do |dormant|
+        next unless linked?(dormant) && dormant_with_zero_balance?(dormant)
+        matches = active_unlinked.select { |sfa| same_institution_and_type?(dormant, sfa) }
+        next if matches.size != 1
+        [ dormant, matches.first ]
+      end
+
+      # Second pass: reject "many dormants → one active" collisions. If two
+      # dormant accounts both claim the same active, we can't safely auto-suggest
+      # either — relinking both would move the provider away from the first.
+      active_counts = candidates.each_with_object(Hash.new(0)) { |(_d, a), h| h[a.id] += 1 }
+      candidates.filter_map do |dormant, active|
+        next if active_counts[active.id] > 1
+        build_suggestion(dormant: dormant, active: active)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def supported_type?(sfa)
+        SUPPORTED_ACCOUNT_TYPES.include?(canonical_account_type(sfa))
+      end
+
+      # Canonicalize for both gating (supported_type?) and matching
+      # (type_matches?) so variants like "credit card" and "credit_card"
+      # round-trip to the same key.
+      def canonical_account_type(sfa)
+        sfa.account_type.to_s.downcase.gsub(/\s+/, "_")
+      end
+
+      def linked?(sfa)
+        sfa.current_account.present?
+      end
+
+      def unlinked?(sfa)
+        sfa.current_account.blank?
+      end
+
+      def dormant_with_zero_balance?(sfa)
+        # Require evidence of prior activity. An empty payload carries no signal
+        # (e.g., a brand-new card just linked) and must not trigger a replacement
+        # suggestion. Matches the likely-closed gate used by the setup UI.
+        return false if sfa.activity_summary.last_transacted_at.blank?
+        return false unless sfa.activity_summary.dormant?(days: DORMANCY_DAYS)
+        # Missing current_balance is "unknown," not "zero." Treat it as evidence
+        # against replacement rather than for it.
+        return false if sfa.current_balance.nil?
+        sfa.current_balance.to_d.abs <= NEAR_ZERO_BALANCE
+      end
+
+      def active?(sfa)
+        sfa.activity_summary.recently_active?(days: ACTIVE_WINDOW_DAYS)
+      end
+
+      def same_institution_and_type?(a, b)
+        type_matches?(a, b) && org_matches?(a, b)
+      end
+
+      def type_matches?(a, b)
+        canonical_account_type(a) == canonical_account_type(b)
+      end
+
+      # Require BOTH sides to have a non-blank org name. SimpleFIN sometimes omits
+      # org_data.name; "" casecmp? "" would otherwise treat unrelated accounts as
+      # co-institutional, producing false replacement suggestions.
+      def org_matches?(a, b)
+        name_a = org_name(a)
+        name_b = org_name(b)
+        return false if name_a.blank? || name_b.blank?
+        name_a.casecmp?(name_b)
+      end
+
+      def org_name(sfa)
+        name = sfa.org_data.is_a?(Hash) ? (sfa.org_data["name"] || sfa.org_data[:name]) : nil
+        name.to_s.strip
+      end
+
+      def build_suggestion(dormant:, active:)
+        {
+          "dormant_sfa_id" => dormant.id,
+          "active_sfa_id" => active.id,
+          "sure_account_id" => dormant.current_account&.id,
+          "institution_name" => org_name(dormant),
+          "dormant_account_name" => dormant.name,
+          "active_account_name" => active.name,
+          "confidence" => "high"
+        }
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/views/accounts/_account.html.erb b/app/views/accounts/_account.html.erb
index 00341560b..59dca6c4e 100644
--- a/app/views/accounts/_account.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/accounts/_account.html.erb
@@ -71,6 +71,17 @@
             <% if !account.linked? && %w[Depository CreditCard Investment Crypto].include?(account.accountable_type) %>
               <% menu.with_item(variant: "link", text: t("accounts.account.link_provider"), href: select_provider_account_path(account), icon: "link", data: { turbo_frame: :modal }) %>
             <% elsif account.linked? %>
+              <%# Same-provider relink (e.g., card-replacement fraud). Only surfaced for
+                 SimpleFIN-linked accounts today; other providers can be added later. %>
+              <% if account.linked_to?("SimplefinAccount") %>
+                <% menu.with_item(
+                  variant: "link",
+                  text: t("accounts.account.change_simplefin_account"),
+                  href: select_existing_account_simplefin_items_path(account_id: account.id),
+                  icon: "arrow-left-right",
+                  data: { turbo_frame: :modal }
+                ) %>
+              <% end %>
               <% menu.with_item(variant: "link", text: t("accounts.account.unlink_provider"), href: confirm_unlink_account_path(account), icon: "unlink", data: { turbo_frame: :modal }) %>
             <% end %>
           <% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/simplefin_items/_activity_badge.html.erb b/app/views/simplefin_items/_activity_badge.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..931fa9605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/views/simplefin_items/_activity_badge.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<%#
+  Renders a one-line activity summary for a SimpleFIN account on the setup card.
+  Helps users distinguish live accounts from dormant ones during setup, which is
+  essential when an institution has replaced a card (e.g., fraud replacement)
+  and returns both the old (dormant) and new (active) cards for a sync cycle.
+
+  Locals:
+    activity       - SimplefinAccount::ActivitySummary
+    likely_closed  - Boolean (dormant AND near-zero balance)
+%>
+<% count = activity.recent_transaction_count %>
+<% last_at = activity.last_transacted_at %>
+
+<% if likely_closed %>
+  <p class="mt-1 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-warning">
+    <%= icon "alert-triangle", size: "sm" %>
+    <%= t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.likely_closed") %>
+  </p>
+<% elsif count.positive? %>
+  <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-secondary">
+    <%= t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.recent", count: count, when: activity_when(last_at)) %>
+  </p>
+<% elsif last_at.present? %>
+  <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-secondary">
+    <%= t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.dormant", days: activity.days_since_last_activity) %>
+  </p>
+<% else %>
+  <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-secondary">
+    <%= t("simplefin_items.setup_accounts.activity.empty") %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/simplefin_items/_replacement_prompt.html.erb b/app/views/simplefin_items/_replacement_prompt.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f17e5dc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/views/simplefin_items/_replacement_prompt.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<%# locals: (simplefin_item:, suggestions:)
+  Banner rendered at the top of the SimpleFIN item card when the importer
+  detects a likely card-replacement pair (old card + new card, same
+  institution, same type). "Relink" reuses the existing link_existing_account
+  controller action to atomically swap the AccountProvider on the linked
+  Sure account. "Dismiss" persists a per-(dormant_sfa_id) dismissal on the
+  latest sync's sync_stats so the banner stops showing for that pair.
+  Suggestions are also auto-suppressed once the relink has already landed. %>
+<% latest_sync = simplefin_item.syncs.order(created_at: :desc).first %>
+<% dismissed_ids = Array(latest_sync&.sync_stats&.dig("dismissed_replacement_suggestions")) %>
+<div class="space-y-2">
+  <% suggestions.each do |suggestion| %>
+    <% old_sfa = simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.find_by(id: suggestion["dormant_sfa_id"]) %>
+    <% new_sfa = simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.find_by(id: suggestion["active_sfa_id"]) %>
+    <% sure_account = Current.family.accounts.find_by(id: suggestion["sure_account_id"]) %>
+    <% next unless old_sfa && new_sfa && sure_account %>
+    <%# Hide once the relink has landed: new sfa already linked to the target account. %>
+    <% next if new_sfa.current_account&.id == sure_account.id %>
+    <%# Hide if the user has dismissed this specific pair. %>
+    <% dismissal_key = "#{old_sfa.id}:#{new_sfa.id}" %>
+    <% next if dismissed_ids.include?(dismissal_key) %>
+
+    <div class="bg-yellow-50 theme-dark:bg-yellow-900/20 border border-yellow-200 theme-dark:border-yellow-800 rounded-lg p-4">
+      <div class="flex items-start gap-3">
+        <%= icon "credit-card", size: "sm", color: "warning", class: "shrink-0 mt-0.5" %>
+        <div class="flex-1 space-y-2">
+          <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-2">
+            <p class="text-sm font-medium text-primary">
+              <%= t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.title",
+                    institution: suggestion["institution_name"].presence || simplefin_item.name) %>
+            </p>
+            <%= button_to dismiss_replacement_suggestion_simplefin_item_path(simplefin_item),
+                         params: { dormant_sfa_id: old_sfa.id, active_sfa_id: new_sfa.id },
+                         method: :post,
+                         form: { class: "inline shrink-0" },
+                         class: "-mt-1 -mr-1 p-1 rounded hover:bg-yellow-100 theme-dark:hover:bg-yellow-900/40 text-secondary",
+                         aria: { label: t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.dismiss_aria") } do %>
+              <%= icon "x", size: "sm" %>
+            <% end %>
+          </div>
+          <p class="text-xs text-secondary">
+            <%= t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.description",
+                  account_name: sure_account.name,
+                  old_name: old_sfa.name,
+                  new_name: new_sfa.name) %>
+          </p>
+          <div class="pt-1">
+            <% confirm = CustomConfirm.new(
+                 title: t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.confirm_title"),
+                 body: t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.confirm_body",
+                         account_name: sure_account.name,
+                         new_name: new_sfa.name),
+                 btn_text: t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.relink")
+               ) %>
+            <%= button_to t("simplefin_items.replacement_prompt.relink"),
+                         link_existing_account_simplefin_items_path(
+                           account_id: sure_account.id,
+                           simplefin_account_id: new_sfa.id
+                         ),
+                         method: :post,
+                         data: { turbo_confirm: confirm.to_data_attribute },
+                         class: "inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm font-medium px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-inverse bg-inverse hover:bg-inverse-hover" %>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  <% end %>
+</div>
diff --git a/app/views/simplefin_items/_simplefin_item.html.erb b/app/views/simplefin_items/_simplefin_item.html.erb
index 0daf4af2a..c6e90e810 100644
--- a/app/views/simplefin_items/_simplefin_item.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/simplefin_items/_simplefin_item.html.erb
@@ -187,6 +187,15 @@
 
     <% unless simplefin_item.scheduled_for_deletion? %>
       <div class="space-y-4 mt-4">
+        <%# Replacement suggestions from the ReplacementDetector (card-fraud swap, etc.).
+           Only rendered when the latest sync flagged candidate pairs. %>
+        <% suggestions = ((@simplefin_sync_stats_map || {})[simplefin_item.id] || {})["replacement_suggestions"] %>
+        <% if suggestions.is_a?(Array) && suggestions.any? %>
+          <%= render "simplefin_items/replacement_prompt",
+                     simplefin_item: simplefin_item,
+                     suggestions: suggestions %>
+        <% end %>
+
         <% if simplefin_item.accounts.any? %>
           <%= render "accounts/index/account_groups", accounts: simplefin_item.accounts %>
         <% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/simplefin_items/setup_accounts.html.erb b/app/views/simplefin_items/setup_accounts.html.erb
index 1d30108e0..e16c00689 100644
--- a/app/views/simplefin_items/setup_accounts.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/simplefin_items/setup_accounts.html.erb
@@ -58,23 +58,43 @@
 
         <% @simplefin_accounts.each do |simplefin_account| %>
           <% inferred = @inferred_map[simplefin_account.id] || {} %>
-          <% selected_type = inferred[:confidence] == :high ? inferred[:type] : "skip" %>
+          <% activity = simplefin_account.activity_summary %>
+          <% near_zero_balance = (simplefin_account.current_balance || 0).to_d.abs <= 1 %>
+          <%# "Likely closed" requires evidence of prior activity that has since stopped.
+             An empty payload carries no signal (could be a brand-new card) so it renders
+             the neutral "no transactions imported yet" badge instead. %>
+          <% likely_closed = activity.last_transacted_at.present? && activity.dormant? && near_zero_balance %>
+          <%# Default likely-closed accounts (dormant AND near-zero balance) to "skip" so
+             users don't accidentally create empty Sure accounts for closed/replaced cards. %>
+          <% selected_type = if likely_closed
+            "skip"
+          else
+            inferred[:confidence] == :high ? inferred[:type] : "skip"
+          end %>
           <%# Check if this account needs user attention (type selected but subtype missing) %>
           <% types_with_subtypes = %w[Depository Investment Loan] %>
           <% needs_subtype_attention = selected_type != "skip" && types_with_subtypes.include?(selected_type) && inferred[:subtype].blank? %>
 
-          <div class="rounded-lg p-4 <%= needs_subtype_attention ? "border-2 border-warning bg-warning/5" : "border border-primary" %>">
+          <% card_class = if needs_subtype_attention
+            "border-2 border-warning bg-warning/5"
+          elsif likely_closed
+            "border border-secondary/40 bg-surface-inset/30"
+          else
+            "border border-primary"
+          end %>
+          <div class="rounded-lg p-4 <%= card_class %>">
             <div class="flex items-center justify-between mb-3">
-              <div>
-                <h3 class="font-medium text-primary">
+              <div class="flex-1">
+                <h3 class="font-medium <%= likely_closed ? "text-secondary" : "text-primary" %>">
                   <%= simplefin_account.name %>
                   <% if simplefin_account.org_data.present? && simplefin_account.org_data['name'].present? %>
                     <span class="text-secondary">• <%= simplefin_account.org_data["name"] %></span>
                   <% end %>
                 </h3>
                 <p class="text-sm text-secondary">
-                  Balance: <%= number_to_currency(simplefin_account.current_balance || 0, unit: simplefin_account.currency) %>
+                  <%= t(".account_card.balance") %>: <%= number_to_currency(simplefin_account.current_balance || 0, unit: simplefin_account.currency) %>
                 </p>
+                <%= render "activity_badge", activity: activity, likely_closed: likely_closed %>
               </div>
             </div>
 
diff --git a/config/locales/views/accounts/en.yml b/config/locales/views/accounts/en.yml
index 7a34a0c76..a8691be11 100644
--- a/config/locales/views/accounts/en.yml
+++ b/config/locales/views/accounts/en.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ en:
       link_lunchflow: Link with Lunch Flow
       link_provider: Link with provider
       unlink_provider: Unlink from provider
+      change_simplefin_account: Change SimpleFIN account
       troubleshoot: Troubleshoot
       enable: Enable account
       disable: Disable account
diff --git a/config/locales/views/simplefin_items/en.yml b/config/locales/views/simplefin_items/en.yml
index 9929eb64c..29c9cdde7 100644
--- a/config/locales/views/simplefin_items/en.yml
+++ b/config/locales/views/simplefin_items/en.yml
@@ -31,6 +31,20 @@ en:
         placeholder: "Paste your SimpleFIN setup token here..."
         help_text: "The token should be a long string starting with letters and numbers"
     setup_accounts:
+      account_card:
+        balance: "Balance"
+      activity:
+        recent:
+          one: "1 transaction • latest %{when}"
+          other: "%{count} transactions • latest %{when}"
+        dormant: "No activity in %{days} days"
+        empty: "No transactions imported yet"
+        likely_closed: "No recent activity and zero balance — this may be a closed or replaced card"
+        today: "today"
+        yesterday: "yesterday"
+        days_ago:
+          one: "1 day ago"
+          other: "%{count} days ago"
       stale_accounts:
         title: "Accounts No Longer in SimpleFIN"
         description: "These accounts exist in your database but are no longer provided by SimpleFIN. This can happen when account configurations change upstream."
@@ -97,7 +111,17 @@ en:
       success: Account successfully linked to SimpleFIN
       errors:
         only_manual: Only manual accounts can be linked
+        different_provider: This account is linked to a different provider. Unlink it from that provider first, then link to SimpleFIN.
         invalid_simplefin_account: Invalid SimpleFIN account selected
+    dismiss_replacement_suggestion:
+      dismissed: Replacement suggestion dismissed
+    replacement_prompt:
+      title: "Your %{institution} card may have been replaced"
+      description: "“%{account_name}” is linked to “%{old_name}”, which has had no recent activity and a zero balance. A new card, “%{new_name}”, is now active at the same institution. Relink to keep your history intact."
+      relink: Relink to new card
+      confirm_title: Relink to the new card?
+      confirm_body: "“%{account_name}” will be linked to “%{new_name}”. Your transaction history stays; future transactions come from the new card."
+      dismiss_aria: Dismiss replacement suggestion
     reconciled_status:
       message:
         one: "%{count} duplicate pending transaction reconciled"
diff --git a/config/routes.rb b/config/routes.rb
index 5f723eed0..2cb3d6586 100644
--- a/config/routes.rb
+++ b/config/routes.rb
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do
       post :balances
       get :setup_accounts
       post :complete_account_setup
+      post :dismiss_replacement_suggestion
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/tasks/simplefin_dev.rake b/lib/tasks/simplefin_dev.rake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10a6a9d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tasks/simplefin_dev.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# Developer utilities for exercising the SimpleFIN setup/relink flows.
+# Safe only against development/test databases — never run against production.
+
+namespace :simplefin do
+  desc "Seed a card-replacement (fraud) scenario for the user with the given email"
+  task :seed_fraud_scenario, [ :user_email ] => :environment do |_t, args|
+    if Rails.env.production?
+      abort("Refusing to run simplefin:seed_fraud_scenario in production")
+    end
+
+    email = args[:user_email].presence ||
+      ENV["USER_EMAIL"].presence ||
+      abort("Usage: bin/rails 'simplefin:seed_fraud_scenario[user@example.com]'")
+
+    user = User.find_by!(email: email)
+    family = user.family
+    puts "Seeding fraud scenario for #{user.email} (family: #{family.id})"
+
+    # Piggyback on an existing SimpleFIN item when the family already has one,
+    # so the seeded pair renders inside that card (matching how real fraud
+    # replacements appear: both cards come from the same institution's item).
+    # Fall back to a dedicated seed item otherwise.
+    item = family.simplefin_items.where.not(name: "Dev Fraud Scenario").first
+    if item
+      puts "  Attaching to existing item: #{item.name} (#{item.id})"
+    else
+      item = family.simplefin_items.create!(
+        name: "Dev Fraud Scenario",
+        access_url: "https://example.com/seed/#{SecureRandom.hex(4)}"
+      )
+      puts "  Created standalone item: #{item.name} (#{item.id})"
+    end
+
+    old_sfa = item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Double Cash Card-OLD (9999)",
+      account_id: "seed_citi_old_#{SecureRandom.hex(3)}",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: 0,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        {
+          "id" => "seed_old_tx_1",
+          "transacted_at" => 60.days.ago.to_i,
+          "posted" => 60.days.ago.to_i,
+          "amount" => "-42.50",
+          "payee" => "Coffee Shop"
+        }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    sure_account = family.accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Double Cash (dev seed)",
+      balance: 0,
+      currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: sure_account, provider: old_sfa)
+
+    new_sfa = item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Double Cash Card-NEW (1111)",
+      account_id: "seed_citi_new_#{SecureRandom.hex(3)}",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: -987.65,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "seed_new_tx_1", "transacted_at" => 1.day.ago.to_i, "posted" => 1.day.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-24.50", "payee" => "Lunch" },
+        { "id" => "seed_new_tx_2", "transacted_at" => 3.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 3.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-120.00", "payee" => "Gas Station" }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    # Simulate a recent sync so the prompt path fires (sync_stats holds the suggestion).
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(item).call
+    sync = item.syncs.create!(
+      status: :completed,
+      sync_stats: { "replacement_suggestions" => suggestions }
+    )
+    sync.update_column(:created_at, Time.current)
+
+    puts "Created:"
+    puts "  SimplefinItem:      #{item.id}"
+    puts "  Dormant sfa (OLD):  #{old_sfa.id}"
+    puts "  Active sfa (NEW):   #{new_sfa.id}"
+    puts "  Sure account:       #{sure_account.id}"
+    puts "  Suggestions:        #{suggestions.size}"
+    puts
+    puts "Next: load the accounts page in the dev server. You should see a"
+    puts "replacement prompt on the 'Dev Fraud Scenario' SimpleFIN card."
+    puts
+    puts "To tear down: bin/rails 'simplefin:cleanup_fraud_scenario[#{email}]'"
+  end
+
+  desc "Remove all seeded fraud scenarios for the given user"
+  task :cleanup_fraud_scenario, [ :user_email ] => :environment do |_t, args|
+    if Rails.env.production?
+      abort("Refusing to run simplefin:cleanup_fraud_scenario in production")
+    end
+    email = args[:user_email].presence ||
+      ENV["USER_EMAIL"].presence ||
+      abort("Usage: bin/rails 'simplefin:cleanup_fraud_scenario[user@example.com]'")
+
+    user = User.find_by!(email: email)
+    family = user.family
+    # Drop seeded sfas by account_id prefix (see seed_* values in the seed task)
+    # plus the Sure account created by the seed. This handles both the
+    # standalone-item path and the piggyback-on-existing-item path.
+    seed_sfas = SimplefinAccount
+      .joins(:simplefin_item)
+      .where(simplefin_items: { family_id: family.id })
+      .where("account_id LIKE ?", "seed_citi_%")
+    count_sfas = seed_sfas.count
+    seed_sfas.find_each do |sfa|
+      acct = sfa.current_account
+      AccountProvider.where(provider: sfa).destroy_all
+      acct&.destroy_later if acct&.may_mark_for_deletion?
+      sfa.destroy
+    end
+    # Drop the seeded Sure account even when unlinked (name-based, safe).
+    family.accounts.where(name: "Citi Double Cash (dev seed)").find_each do |acct|
+      acct.destroy_later if acct.may_mark_for_deletion?
+    end
+    # Drop the standalone fallback item if it has no other sfas.
+    family.simplefin_items.where(name: "Dev Fraud Scenario").find_each do |item|
+      item.destroy if item.simplefin_accounts.reload.empty?
+    end
+    puts "Removed #{count_sfas} seeded sfa(s) for #{user.email}"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/controllers/simplefin_items_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/simplefin_items_controller_test.rb
index c7e039583..23bde7608 100644
--- a/test/controllers/simplefin_items_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/simplefin_items_controller_test.rb
@@ -476,6 +476,383 @@ class SimplefinItemsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert !q.key?("open_relink_for"), "did not expect auto-open when update produced no SFAs/candidates"
   end
 
+  # Replacement detection prompt (surfaces on the SimpleFIN card when the
+  # importer's ReplacementDetector has persisted suggestions on sync_stats).
+
+  test "replacement prompt renders on accounts index when suggestions are persisted" do
+    # Create the two sfas the detector would flag
+    old_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_3831",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: 0,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "t", "transacted_at" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5" }
+      ]
+    )
+    sure_account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "Citi Double Cash Card-3831",
+      balance: 0, currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: sure_account, provider: old_sfa)
+
+    new_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_2879",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: -1200,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "n", "transacted_at" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-100" }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    # Persist a suggestion on the latest sync
+    sync = @simplefin_item.syncs.create!(status: :completed, sync_stats: {
+      "replacement_suggestions" => [
+        {
+          "dormant_sfa_id" => old_sfa.id,
+          "active_sfa_id" => new_sfa.id,
+          "sure_account_id" => sure_account.id,
+          "institution_name" => "Citibank",
+          "dormant_account_name" => "Citi-3831",
+          "active_account_name" => "Citi-2879",
+          "confidence" => "high"
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    sync.update_column(:created_at, Time.current)
+
+    get accounts_url
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match(/Citibank card may have been replaced/, response.body)
+    assert_match(/Citi Double Cash Card-3831/, response.body)
+    assert_match(/Relink to new card/, response.body)
+  end
+
+  test "replacement prompt is suppressed once the relink has been applied" do
+    old_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_3831_applied",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: 0,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "t", "transacted_at" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5" }
+      ]
+    )
+    sure_account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "Citi Double Cash Card-3831 (applied)",
+      balance: 0, currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    new_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_2879_applied",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: -1200,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "n", "transacted_at" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-100" }
+      ]
+    )
+    # Simulate the post-relink state: new_sfa is now linked to the Sure account,
+    # old_sfa is unlinked. sync_stats still carries the stale suggestion.
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: sure_account, provider: new_sfa)
+    sync = @simplefin_item.syncs.create!(status: :completed, sync_stats: {
+      "replacement_suggestions" => [
+        {
+          "dormant_sfa_id" => old_sfa.id,
+          "active_sfa_id" => new_sfa.id,
+          "sure_account_id" => sure_account.id,
+          "institution_name" => "Citibank",
+          "dormant_account_name" => "Citi-3831",
+          "active_account_name" => "Citi-2879",
+          "confidence" => "high"
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    sync.update_column(:created_at, Time.current)
+
+    get accounts_url
+    assert_response :success
+    refute_match(/Citibank card may have been replaced/, response.body,
+      "banner should disappear once the relink has landed on the new sfa")
+  end
+
+  test "dismissing a replacement suggestion hides the banner for that pair" do
+    old_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_3831_dismiss",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: 0,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "t", "transacted_at" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 90.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5" }
+      ]
+    )
+    sure_account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family, name: "Citi Double Cash Card-3831 (dismiss)",
+      balance: 0, currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: sure_account, provider: old_sfa)
+    new_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_2879_dismiss",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: -1200,
+      org_data: { "name" => "Citibank" },
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "n", "transacted_at" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 2.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-100" }
+      ]
+    )
+    sync = @simplefin_item.syncs.create!(status: :completed, sync_stats: {
+      "replacement_suggestions" => [
+        {
+          "dormant_sfa_id" => old_sfa.id,
+          "active_sfa_id" => new_sfa.id,
+          "sure_account_id" => sure_account.id,
+          "institution_name" => "Citibank",
+          "confidence" => "high"
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+    sync.update_column(:created_at, Time.current)
+
+    # Banner is present before dismissal
+    get accounts_url
+    assert_match(/Citibank card may have been replaced/, response.body)
+
+    # Dismiss — pair key (dormant + active)
+    post dismiss_replacement_suggestion_simplefin_item_path(@simplefin_item), params: {
+      dormant_sfa_id: old_sfa.id,
+      active_sfa_id: new_sfa.id
+    }
+    sync.reload
+    assert_includes Array(sync.sync_stats["dismissed_replacement_suggestions"]),
+                    "#{old_sfa.id}:#{new_sfa.id}"
+
+    # Banner is gone after dismissal
+    get accounts_url
+    refute_match(/Citibank card may have been replaced/, response.body,
+      "banner should not render for a dismissed pair")
+  end
+
+  test "replacement prompt relink button successfully swaps AccountProvider" do
+    old_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Old", account_id: "o1", currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit", current_balance: 0
+    )
+    new_sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "New", account_id: "n1", currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit", current_balance: -500
+    )
+    sure_account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family, name: "Citi", balance: 0, currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: sure_account, provider: old_sfa)
+
+    # The relink button posts to link_existing_account just like the modal does
+    post link_existing_account_simplefin_items_path, params: {
+      account_id: sure_account.id,
+      simplefin_account_id: new_sfa.id
+    }
+
+    sure_account.reload
+    sf_aps = sure_account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount")
+    assert_equal 1, sf_aps.count
+    assert_equal new_sfa.id, sf_aps.first.provider_id
+  end
+
+  # Same-provider relink tests (Bug #3 — allow SimpleFIN-to-SimpleFIN swap without unlink dance)
+
+  test "link_existing_account allows relink when account is already SimpleFIN-linked via AccountProvider" do
+    # @account currently linked to sfa_old (fraud-replaced card). User picks sfa_new.
+    account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "Citi Double Cash",
+      balance: 0,
+      currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    sfa_old = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Card-OLD",
+      account_id: "sf_citi_old",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: 0
+    )
+    sfa_new = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Card-NEW",
+      account_id: "sf_citi_new",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: -100
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: account, provider: sfa_old)
+
+    post link_existing_account_simplefin_items_path, params: {
+      account_id: account.id,
+      simplefin_account_id: sfa_new.id
+    }
+
+    assert_response :see_other
+
+    # The SimpleFIN link should now point at sfa_new
+    account.reload
+    sf_providers = account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount")
+    assert_equal 1, sf_providers.count, "should have exactly one SimpleFIN link after relink"
+    assert_equal sfa_new.id, sf_providers.first.provider_id
+
+    # Old AccountProvider for sfa_old on this account is detached
+    refute AccountProvider.exists?(account_id: account.id, provider: sfa_old),
+      "old SimpleFIN AccountProvider for this account should be detached"
+  end
+
+  test "link_existing_account allows relink when account has only legacy simplefin_account_id FK" do
+    account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "Citi Double Cash",
+      balance: 0,
+      currency: "USD",
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    sfa_old = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Card-OLD",
+      account_id: "sf_citi_old2",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: 0
+    )
+    sfa_new = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Citi Card-NEW",
+      account_id: "sf_citi_new2",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: -100
+    )
+    account.update!(simplefin_account_id: sfa_old.id)
+
+    post link_existing_account_simplefin_items_path, params: {
+      account_id: account.id,
+      simplefin_account_id: sfa_new.id
+    }
+
+    assert_response :see_other
+    account.reload
+    assert_nil account.simplefin_account_id, "legacy SimpleFIN FK should be cleared"
+    assert_equal sfa_new.id,
+      account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount").first&.provider_id
+  end
+
+  test "link_existing_account rejects when account is linked to a foreign provider (Plaid)" do
+    account = Account.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "Plaid-Linked",
+      balance: 0,
+      currency: "USD",
+      accountable: Depository.create!(subtype: "checking")
+    )
+    plaid_item = PlaidItem.create!(family: @family, name: "Plaid Conn", access_token: "t", plaid_id: "p")
+    plaid_acct = PlaidAccount.create!(
+      plaid_item: plaid_item,
+      plaid_id: "p_acct_1",
+      name: "Plaid A",
+      plaid_type: "depository",
+      currency: "USD",
+      current_balance: 0
+    )
+    AccountProvider.create!(account: account, provider: plaid_acct)
+
+    sfa = @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "SF-Target",
+      account_id: "sf_target_1",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "depository",
+      current_balance: 100
+    )
+
+    post link_existing_account_simplefin_items_path, params: {
+      account_id: account.id,
+      simplefin_account_id: sfa.id
+    }
+
+    # Should NOT have attached the SimpleFIN provider
+    account.reload
+    assert_empty account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "SimplefinAccount")
+    # Plaid link should remain intact
+    assert account.account_providers.where(provider_type: "PlaidAccount").exists?
+  end
+
+  # Activity badge tests (helps users distinguish live vs replaced/closed cards during setup)
+
+  test "setup_accounts renders recent-transactions badge for active sfa" do
+    @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Active Card",
+      account_id: "active_card_1",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: -123.45,
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "t1", "transacted_at" => 3.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 3.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-10" },
+        { "id" => "t2", "transacted_at" => 10.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 10.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-20" }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    get setup_accounts_simplefin_item_url(@simplefin_item)
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match(/2 transactions.*3 days ago/, response.body,
+      "expected active sfa to show recent transaction count and last activity")
+  end
+
+  test "setup_accounts renders 'likely closed' warning for dormant+zero-balance sfa" do
+    @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Dead Card",
+      account_id: "dead_card_1",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: 0,
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "old", "transacted_at" => 120.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 120.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5" }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    get setup_accounts_simplefin_item_url(@simplefin_item)
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match(/closed or replaced card/, response.body,
+      "expected dormant+zero-balance sfa to show closed/replaced warning")
+  end
+
+  test "setup_accounts renders 'no transactions imported' for empty sfa" do
+    @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Brand New Card",
+      account_id: "fresh_card_1",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      current_balance: 0,
+      raw_transactions_payload: []
+    )
+
+    get setup_accounts_simplefin_item_url(@simplefin_item)
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match(/No transactions imported yet/, response.body)
+  end
+
+  test "setup_accounts renders 'dormant but has balance' as plain text not warning" do
+    # Legitimate dormant case: HSA/savings account with real balance but no recent activity.
+    # Should NOT be flagged as likely-closed because the balance is non-trivial.
+    @simplefin_item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Dormant HSA",
+      account_id: "dormant_hsa_1",
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: "investment",
+      current_balance: 5432.10,
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        { "id" => "old", "transacted_at" => 120.days.ago.to_i, "posted" => 120.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "100" }
+      ]
+    )
+
+    get setup_accounts_simplefin_item_url(@simplefin_item)
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match(/No activity in 120 days/, response.body)
+    refute_match(/closed or replaced card/, response.body,
+      "dormant accounts with real balances should not be marked as closed")
+  end
+
   # Stale account detection and handling tests
 
   test "setup_accounts detects stale accounts not in upstream API" do
diff --git a/test/helpers/simplefin_items_helper_test.rb b/test/helpers/simplefin_items_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b247f0caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/simplefin_items_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SimplefinItemsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  test "#activity_when returns nil for blank time" do
+    assert_nil activity_when(nil)
+    assert_nil activity_when("")
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_when returns 'today' for current time" do
+    assert_equal "today", activity_when(Time.current)
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_when returns 'today' for earlier today" do
+    # Freeze at mid-day so 6.hours.ago is guaranteed to fall on the same
+    # calendar day regardless of when the suite runs.
+    travel_to(Time.zone.parse("2026-04-17 15:00:00")) do
+      assert_equal "today", activity_when(6.hours.ago)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_when returns 'yesterday' one day back" do
+    assert_equal "yesterday", activity_when(1.day.ago)
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_when returns 'N days ago' for older dates" do
+    # Freeze time so relative "N days ago" stays stable regardless of the
+    # hour-of-day the suite runs.
+    travel_to(Time.zone.parse("2026-04-17 15:00:00")) do
+      assert_equal "5 days ago", activity_when(5.days.ago)
+      # 2 days ago is the first value that hits the plural "N days ago" branch
+      # (0 -> today, 1 -> yesterday, >=2 -> N days ago).
+      assert_equal "2 days ago", activity_when(2.days.ago)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_when respects injected now: for deterministic formatting" do
+    now = Time.zone.parse("2026-04-17 12:00:00")
+    assert_equal "7 days ago", activity_when(now - 7.days, now: now)
+  end
+
+  # ---- simplefin_error_tooltip (pre-existing) ----
+  test "#simplefin_error_tooltip returns nil for blank stats" do
+    assert_nil simplefin_error_tooltip(nil)
+    assert_nil simplefin_error_tooltip({})
+    assert_nil simplefin_error_tooltip({ "total_errors" => 0 })
+  end
+
+  test "#simplefin_error_tooltip builds a sample with bucket counts" do
+    stats = {
+      "total_errors" => 3,
+      "errors" => [
+        { "name" => "Chase", "message" => "Timeout" },
+        { "name" => "Citi", "message" => "Auth" }
+      ],
+      "error_buckets" => { "auth" => 1, "network" => 2 }
+    }
+    tooltip = simplefin_error_tooltip(stats)
+    assert_includes tooltip, "Errors:"
+    assert_includes tooltip, "3"
+    assert_includes tooltip, "auth: 1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary_test.rb b/test/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26f8e0cdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/simplefin_account/activity_summary_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SimplefinAccount::ActivitySummaryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def build(transactions)
+    SimplefinAccount::ActivitySummary.new(transactions)
+  end
+
+  def tx(date: nil, amount: -10.0, posted: nil, pending: false, payee: "Test")
+    {
+      "id" => "TRN-#{SecureRandom.hex(4)}",
+      "amount" => amount.to_s,
+      "posted" => (posted.nil? ? 0 : posted.to_i),
+      "pending" => pending,
+      "payee" => payee,
+      "description" => payee.upcase,
+      "transacted_at" => (date || Time.current).to_i
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "empty payload is dormant with nil last_transacted_at and zero counts" do
+    summary = build([])
+    assert_nil summary.last_transacted_at
+    assert_equal 0, summary.transaction_count
+    assert_equal 0, summary.recent_transaction_count
+    assert summary.dormant?
+    refute summary.recently_active?
+  end
+
+  test "nil payload is treated as empty" do
+    summary = build(nil)
+    assert summary.dormant?
+    assert_equal 0, summary.transaction_count
+  end
+
+  test "last_transacted_at returns the most recent transaction time" do
+    latest = 3.days.ago
+    summary = build([
+      tx(date: 30.days.ago),
+      tx(date: latest),
+      tx(date: 10.days.ago)
+    ])
+    assert_in_delta latest.to_i, summary.last_transacted_at.to_i, 2
+  end
+
+  test "recent_transaction_count counts within default 60-day window" do
+    summary = build([
+      tx(date: 30.days.ago),
+      tx(date: 45.days.ago),
+      tx(date: 90.days.ago),
+      tx(date: 120.days.ago)
+    ])
+    assert_equal 2, summary.recent_transaction_count
+  end
+
+  test "recent_transaction_count honors custom window" do
+    summary = build([
+      tx(date: 10.days.ago),
+      tx(date: 20.days.ago),
+      tx(date: 40.days.ago)
+    ])
+    assert_equal 1, summary.recent_transaction_count(days: 15)
+    assert_equal 3, summary.recent_transaction_count(days: 90)
+  end
+
+  test "falls back to posted when transacted_at is zero (unknown)" do
+    # SimpleFIN uses 0 to signal "unknown" for transacted_at. Because 0 is
+    # truthy in Ruby, a naive `transacted_at || posted` short-circuits to 0
+    # and never falls back. Verify the fallback still produces the posted time.
+    posted_ts = 5.days.ago.to_i
+    summary = SimplefinAccount::ActivitySummary.new([
+      { "transacted_at" => 0, "posted" => posted_ts, "amount" => "-5" }
+    ])
+    assert_equal Time.at(posted_ts), summary.last_transacted_at
+  end
+
+  test "dormant? returns true when no activity within window" do
+    summary = build([ tx(date: 120.days.ago) ])
+    assert summary.dormant?
+    refute summary.recently_active?
+  end
+
+  test "dormant? returns false when any recent activity exists" do
+    summary = build([ tx(date: 120.days.ago), tx(date: 3.days.ago) ])
+    refute summary.dormant?
+    assert summary.recently_active?
+  end
+
+  test "days_since_last_activity returns whole days since newest tx" do
+    summary = build([ tx(date: 37.days.ago) ])
+    assert_equal 37, summary.days_since_last_activity
+  end
+
+  test "days_since_last_activity is nil when no transactions" do
+    assert_nil build([]).days_since_last_activity
+  end
+
+  test "ignores transactions with zero transacted_at and zero posted" do
+    # SimpleFIN uses posted=0 for pending; malformed entries may have transacted_at=0
+    summary = build([
+      { "id" => "a", "transacted_at" => 0, "posted" => 0, "amount" => "-5" },
+      tx(date: 3.days.ago)
+    ])
+    assert_in_delta 3.days.ago.to_i, summary.last_transacted_at.to_i, 2
+    assert_equal 1, summary.recent_transaction_count
+  end
+
+  test "falls back to posted when transacted_at is absent" do
+    posted_time = 5.days.ago.to_i
+    summary = build([
+      { "id" => "a", "amount" => "-5", "posted" => posted_time, "pending" => false }
+    ])
+    assert_in_delta posted_time, summary.last_transacted_at.to_i, 2
+    assert_equal 1, summary.recent_transaction_count
+  end
+
+  test "accepts symbol-keyed transaction hashes" do
+    summary = build([
+      { transacted_at: 3.days.ago.to_i, amount: "-5", id: "a" },
+      { "transacted_at" => 3.days.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5", "id" => "b" }
+    ])
+    assert_equal 2, summary.recent_transaction_count
+  end
+end
+
+class SimplefinAccountActivitySummaryIntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @family = families(:dylan_family)
+    @item = SimplefinItem.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "SF Conn",
+      access_url: "https://example.com/access"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_summary wraps raw_transactions_payload" do
+    sfa = SimplefinAccount.create!(
+      simplefin_item: @item,
+      name: "Active Card",
+      account_id: "sf-active",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      currency: "USD",
+      current_balance: -100,
+      raw_transactions_payload: [
+        {
+          "id" => "t1",
+          "amount" => "-50",
+          "posted" => 3.days.ago.to_i,
+          "transacted_at" => 3.days.ago.to_i
+        }
+      ]
+    )
+    summary = sfa.activity_summary
+    assert_kind_of SimplefinAccount::ActivitySummary, summary
+    assert summary.recently_active?
+    assert_equal 1, summary.transaction_count
+  end
+
+  test "#activity_summary handles nil raw_transactions_payload" do
+    sfa = SimplefinAccount.create!(
+      simplefin_item: @item,
+      name: "Empty Card",
+      account_id: "sf-empty",
+      account_type: "credit",
+      currency: "USD",
+      current_balance: 0,
+      raw_transactions_payload: nil
+    )
+    summary = sfa.activity_summary
+    assert_equal 0, summary.transaction_count
+    assert summary.dormant?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/simplefin_item/importer_partial_errors_test.rb b/test/models/simplefin_item/importer_partial_errors_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d258d9850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/simplefin_item/importer_partial_errors_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+# Verifies the boundary between per-institution partial errors (which must not
+# poison the whole SimpleFIN item's status) and top-level token-auth failures
+# (which legitimately flag the item for reconnection).
+class SimplefinItem::ImporterPartialErrorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @family = families(:dylan_family)
+    @item = SimplefinItem.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "SF Conn",
+      access_url: "https://example.com/access"
+    )
+    @sync = Sync.create!(syncable: @item)
+    @importer = SimplefinItem::Importer.new(@item, simplefin_provider: mock(), sync: @sync)
+  end
+
+  test "per-institution auth error does NOT flip item to requires_update" do
+    # Partial-response error for ONE institution (e.g. Cash App) should not
+    # poison the other 8 institutions in the same SimpleFIN connection.
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status
+
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [
+      "Connection to Cash App may need attention. Auth required"
+    ])
+
+    @item.reload
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status,
+      "expected item to remain good; per-institution auth errors must not flip the whole connection"
+  end
+
+  test "per-institution auth error still tracks in error_buckets for observability" do
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [
+      "Connection to Cash App may need attention. Auth required"
+    ])
+
+    stats = @sync.reload.sync_stats
+    assert_equal 1, stats.dig("error_buckets", "auth").to_i,
+      "auth-category error should still be tracked in stats"
+  end
+
+  test "multiple per-institution errors do not flip item status" do
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [
+      "Connection to Cash App may need attention. Auth required",
+      "Please reauthenticate with Citibank",
+      "two-factor authentication failed at Chase"
+    ])
+
+    @item.reload
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status
+    assert_equal 3, @sync.reload.sync_stats.dig("error_buckets", "auth").to_i
+  end
+
+  test "hash-shaped per-institution auth error does not flip item status" do
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [
+      { code: "auth_failure", description: "Auth required for Cash App" }
+    ])
+
+    @item.reload
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status
+  end
+
+  test "top-level handle_errors with auth failure DOES flip item to requires_update" do
+    # Distinct from record_errors: this is the token-revoked / whole-connection-dead path.
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status
+
+    assert_raises(Provider::Simplefin::SimplefinError) do
+      @importer.send(:handle_errors, [
+        { code: "auth_failure", description: "Your SimpleFIN setup token was revoked" }
+      ])
+    end
+
+    @item.reload
+    assert_equal "requires_update", @item.status,
+      "top-level token auth failures must still flag the item for reconnection"
+  end
+
+  test "previously requires_update item is cleared when no auth errors this sync" do
+    @item.update!(status: :requires_update)
+
+    # Simulate a clean sync (the maybe_clear path is already exercised in-suite;
+    # here we confirm that record_errors with zero auth errors doesn't re-flag).
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [ "Timed out fetching Chase" ])
+
+    @item.reload
+    # record_errors alone doesn't clear - that's maybe_clear_requires_update_status's job -
+    # but it also must not RE-flag when the error isn't auth-related.
+    assert_equal "requires_update", @item.status
+  end
+
+  test "non-auth partial errors don't flip status" do
+    @importer.send(:record_errors, [
+      "Timed out fetching transactions from Chase",
+      "429 rate limit hit at Citibank"
+    ])
+
+    @item.reload
+    assert_equal "good", @item.status
+    stats = @sync.reload.sync_stats
+    assert_equal 1, stats.dig("error_buckets", "network").to_i
+    assert_equal 1, stats.dig("error_buckets", "api").to_i
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector_test.rb b/test/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb0325c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/simplefin_item/replacement_detector_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @family = families(:dylan_family)
+    @item = SimplefinItem.create!(
+      family: @family,
+      name: "SF Conn",
+      access_url: "https://example.com/access"
+    )
+  end
+
+  def make_sfa(name:, account_id:, account_type: "credit", org_name: "Citibank",
+               balance: -100, transactions: [])
+    @item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: name,
+      account_id: account_id,
+      currency: "USD",
+      account_type: account_type,
+      current_balance: balance,
+      org_data: { "name" => org_name },
+      raw_transactions_payload: transactions
+    )
+  end
+
+  def link(sfa, name:)
+    account = @family.accounts.create!(
+      name: name,
+      balance: (sfa.current_balance || 0).to_d,
+      currency: sfa.currency,
+      accountable: CreditCard.create!(subtype: "credit_card")
+    )
+    sfa.update!(account: account)
+    account.update!(simplefin_account_id: sfa.id)
+    account
+  end
+
+  def tx(when_ago:)
+    { "id" => SecureRandom.hex(4), "transacted_at" => when_ago.ago.to_i, "posted" => when_ago.ago.to_i, "amount" => "-5" }
+  end
+
+  test "returns empty when simplefin_item has no accounts" do
+    assert_equal [], SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "returns empty when there are no active unlinked candidates" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi Old", account_id: "sf_old", balance: 0, transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 90.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash")
+    # No unlinked sfas at all
+    assert_equal [], SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "detects classic fraud replacement: dormant+zero linked sfa + active unlinked sfa same org+type" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_3831", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 45.days) ])
+    linked_account = link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash Card-3831")
+    active = make_sfa(name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_2879", balance: -1200,
+                      transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days), tx(when_ago: 5.days) ])
+
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+    assert_equal 1, suggestions.size
+
+    suggestion = suggestions.first
+    assert_equal dormant.id, suggestion["dormant_sfa_id"]
+    assert_equal active.id, suggestion["active_sfa_id"]
+    assert_equal linked_account.id, suggestion["sure_account_id"]
+    assert_equal "Citibank", suggestion["institution_name"]
+    assert_equal "high", suggestion["confidence"]
+  end
+
+  test "ignores candidates at different institutions" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_old", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash")
+    # Active sfa at a DIFFERENT institution - not a real replacement
+    make_sfa(name: "Chase-Freedom", account_id: "sf_chase", balance: -200,
+             org_name: "Chase",
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 3.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "ignores candidates with different account_type" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_old",
+                       account_type: "credit", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash")
+    # Active sfa at same institution but different type
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi Checking", account_id: "sf_checking",
+             account_type: "depository", balance: 500,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 3.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "skips ambiguous matches (multiple candidates)" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_old", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash")
+    # Two active unlinked Citi credit cards — can't tell which replaced it
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_new1", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-4567", account_id: "sf_new2", balance: -200,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 5.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "ignores dormant sfa with non-zero balance (probably legitimate dormant account)" do
+    # A savings account sitting at $5000 with no recent activity isn't
+    # fraud replacement — it's just a savings account
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Dormant Savings", account_id: "sf_savings",
+                       balance: 5000, transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Savings Account")
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_new", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "ignores active sfa as the 'dormant' candidate" do
+    # Account with both dormant-looking AND active (recent activity): not dormant
+    active_linked = make_sfa(name: "Citi-3831", account_id: "sf_still_active",
+                             balance: 0, transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 3.days) ])
+    link(active_linked, name: "Citi Card")
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-2879", account_id: "sf_candidate", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "suggestion uses case-insensitive org and type matching" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi Old", account_id: "sf_old", balance: 0,
+                       account_type: "CREDIT", org_name: "CITIBANK",
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Citi Double Cash")
+    active = make_sfa(name: "Citi New", account_id: "sf_new", balance: -100,
+                      account_type: "credit", org_name: "Citibank",
+                      transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+    assert_equal 1, suggestions.size
+    assert_equal active.id, suggestions.first["active_sfa_id"]
+  end
+
+  test "detects multiple independent replacements across institutions" do
+    # Two fraud replacements in the same sync: Citi + Chase both replaced
+    dormant_citi = make_sfa(name: "Citi-old", account_id: "sf_c_old", balance: 0,
+                            transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant_citi, name: "Citi")
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-new", account_id: "sf_c_new", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 3.days) ])
+
+    dormant_chase = make_sfa(name: "Chase-old", account_id: "sf_ch_old",
+                             org_name: "Chase", balance: 0,
+                             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant_chase, name: "Chase")
+    make_sfa(name: "Chase-new", account_id: "sf_ch_new",
+             org_name: "Chase", balance: -200,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 1.day) ])
+
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+    assert_equal 2, suggestions.size
+    orgs = suggestions.map { |s| s["institution_name"] }.sort
+    assert_equal [ "Chase", "Citibank" ], orgs
+  end
+
+  test "ignores non-credit account types (checking, savings, investment)" do
+    # Fraud-replacement UX is credit-card scoped for now. A depository/checking
+    # pair that matches all other detector criteria must be skipped.
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Old Checking", account_id: "sf_checking_old",
+                       account_type: "depository", org_name: "Chase", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Old Checking")
+    make_sfa(name: "New Checking", account_id: "sf_checking_new",
+             account_type: "depository", org_name: "Chase", balance: 1234,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "does not emit multiple suggestions pointing at the same active sfa" do
+    # Two dormant credit cards at the same institution, one new active card.
+    # Relinking both would move the provider away from the first account.
+    # Detector must skip both to avoid silent breakage.
+    dormant1 = make_sfa(name: "Citi-OLD-1", account_id: "sf_old1", balance: 0,
+                        transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant1, name: "Citi Card 1")
+    dormant2 = make_sfa(name: "Citi-OLD-2", account_id: "sf_old2", balance: 0,
+                        transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant2, name: "Citi Card 2")
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-NEW", account_id: "sf_new", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+    assert_empty suggestions, "must not emit ambiguous pairs that reuse the same active sfa"
+  end
+
+  test "treats blank institution names as non-matching (not co-institutional)" do
+    # SimpleFIN sometimes omits org_data.name. Two credit-card sfas with blank
+    # org names must NOT be treated as at the same institution — otherwise any
+    # dormant+active credit pair would auto-match regardless of provider.
+    dormant = @item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Mystery-OLD", account_id: "sf_mystery_old",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: 0,
+      org_data: {},
+      raw_transactions_payload: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ]
+    )
+    link(dormant, name: "Mystery")
+    @item.simplefin_accounts.create!(
+      name: "Mystery-NEW", account_id: "sf_mystery_new",
+      currency: "USD", account_type: "credit", current_balance: -200,
+      org_data: {},
+      raw_transactions_payload: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ]
+    )
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "ignores dormant candidate when current_balance is unknown (nil)" do
+    # nil balance is 'unknown,' not 'zero.' Treat as evidence against a match.
+    # Model-level validation normally prevents nil current_balance but upstream
+    # data has occasionally landed this way; simulate via `update_columns` to
+    # bypass validation and assert the detector's robustness.
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-UNKNOWN-BAL", account_id: "sf_nil_bal",
+                       balance: 0, transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Unknown Citi")
+    dormant.update_columns(current_balance: nil, available_balance: nil)
+    make_sfa(name: "New Citi", account_id: "sf_nil_new", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+
+  test "matches sfa pairs when account_type uses 'credit card' / 'credit_card' variants" do
+    dormant = make_sfa(name: "Citi-OLD-var", account_id: "sf_var_old",
+                       account_type: "credit card", balance: 0,
+                       transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 60.days) ])
+    link(dormant, name: "Variant Citi")
+    make_sfa(name: "Citi-NEW-var", account_id: "sf_var_new",
+             account_type: "credit_card", balance: -100,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    suggestions = SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+    assert_equal 1, suggestions.size, "canonicalized account_type should match across spacing variants"
+  end
+
+  test "ignores linked sfa with no transaction history (brand-new card, not dormant)" do
+    # A newly linked card with zero balance and no transactions yet must NOT be
+    # flagged as a replacement target. "Dormant" requires prior activity that
+    # has since gone silent; an empty payload carries no such signal.
+    fresh = make_sfa(name: "Brand New Citi", account_id: "sf_fresh", balance: 0, transactions: [])
+    link(fresh, name: "Brand New Citi Card")
+    make_sfa(name: "Other Citi", account_id: "sf_other", balance: -50,
+             transactions: [ tx(when_ago: 2.days) ])
+
+    assert_empty SimplefinItem::ReplacementDetector.new(@item).call
+  end
+end