diff --git a/.env.local.example b/.env.local.example
index b9ddcabf3..75a8de778 100644
--- a/.env.local.example
+++ b/.env.local.example
@@ -48,3 +48,36 @@ LANGFUSE_HOST = https://cloud.langfuse.com
 
 # Set to `true` to get error messages rendered in the /chats UI
 AI_DEBUG_MODE =
+
+# =============================================================================
+# SSL/TLS Configuration for Self-Signed Certificates
+# =============================================================================
+# Use these settings when connecting to services with self-signed or internal
+# CA certificates (e.g., self-hosted Keycloak, Authentik, or AI endpoints).
+#
+# SSL_CA_FILE: Path to custom CA certificate file (PEM format)
+#   - The certificate that signed your server's SSL certificate
+#   - Must be readable by the application
+#   - Will be validated at startup
+# SSL_CA_FILE = /certs/my-ca.crt
+#
+# SSL_VERIFY: Enable/disable SSL certificate verification
+#   - Default: true (verification enabled)
+#   - Set to "false" ONLY for development/testing
+#   - WARNING: Disabling removes protection against man-in-the-middle attacks
+# SSL_VERIFY = true
+#
+# SSL_DEBUG: Enable verbose SSL logging for troubleshooting
+#   - Default: false
+#   - When enabled, logs detailed SSL connection information
+#   - Useful for diagnosing certificate issues
+# SSL_DEBUG = false
+#
+# Example docker-compose.yml configuration:
+#   services:
+#     app:
+#       environment:
+#         SSL_CA_FILE: /certs/my-ca.crt
+#         SSL_DEBUG: "true"
+#       volumes:
+#         - ./my-ca.crt:/certs/my-ca.crt:ro
diff --git a/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb b/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
index 1e0863a52..009a45eab 100644
--- a/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 class SessionsController < ApplicationController
+  extend SslConfigurable
+
   before_action :set_session, only: :destroy
   skip_authentication only: %i[index new create openid_connect failure post_logout mobile_sso_start]
 
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@ class SessionsController < ApplicationController
       if provider_config[:strategy] == "openid_connect" && provider_config[:issuer].present?
         begin
           discovery_url = discovery_url_for(provider_config[:issuer])
-          response = Faraday.get(discovery_url) do |req|
+          response = Faraday.new(ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options).get(discovery_url) do |req|
             req.options.timeout = 5
             req.options.open_timeout = 3
           end
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/ssl_configurable.rb b/app/models/concerns/ssl_configurable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7bd1f337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/models/concerns/ssl_configurable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Provides centralized SSL configuration for HTTP clients.
+#
+# This module enables support for self-signed certificates in self-hosted
+# environments by reading configuration from Rails.configuration.x.ssl.
+#
+# Features:
+#   - Custom CA certificate support for self-signed certificates
+#   - Optional SSL verification bypass (for development/testing only)
+#   - Debug logging for troubleshooting SSL issues
+#
+# Usage (extend for class methods — the only supported pattern):
+#   class MyHttpClient
+#     extend SslConfigurable
+#
+#     def self.make_request
+#       Faraday.new(url, ssl: faraday_ssl_options) { |f| ... }
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# Environment Variables (configured in config/initializers/00_ssl.rb):
+#   SSL_CA_FILE - Path to custom CA certificate file (PEM format)
+#   SSL_VERIFY  - Set to "false" to disable SSL verification
+#   SSL_DEBUG   - Set to "true" to enable verbose SSL logging
+module SslConfigurable
+  # Returns SSL options hash for Faraday connections
+  #
+  # @return [Hash] SSL options for Faraday
+  # @example
+  #   Faraday.new(url, ssl: faraday_ssl_options) do |f|
+  #     f.request :json
+  #     f.response :raise_error
+  #   end
+  def faraday_ssl_options
+    options = {}
+
+    options[:verify] = ssl_verify?
+
+    if ssl_ca_file.present?
+      options[:ca_file] = ssl_ca_file
+      log_ssl_debug("Faraday SSL: Using custom CA file: #{ssl_ca_file}")
+    end
+
+    log_ssl_debug("Faraday SSL: Verification disabled") unless ssl_verify?
+    log_ssl_debug("Faraday SSL options: #{options.inspect}") if options.present?
+
+    options
+  end
+
+  # Returns SSL options hash for HTTParty requests
+  #
+  # @return [Hash] SSL options for HTTParty
+  # @example
+  #   class MyProvider
+  #     include HTTParty
+  #     extend SslConfigurable
+  #     default_options.merge!(httparty_ssl_options)
+  #   end
+  def httparty_ssl_options
+    options = { verify: ssl_verify? }
+
+    if ssl_ca_file.present?
+      options[:ssl_ca_file] = ssl_ca_file
+      log_ssl_debug("HTTParty SSL: Using custom CA file: #{ssl_ca_file}")
+    end
+
+    log_ssl_debug("HTTParty SSL: Verification disabled") unless ssl_verify?
+
+    options
+  end
+
+  # Returns SSL verify mode for Net::HTTP
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] OpenSSL verify mode constant (VERIFY_PEER or VERIFY_NONE)
+  # @example
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
+  #   http.use_ssl = true
+  #   http.verify_mode = net_http_verify_mode
+  #   http.ca_file = ssl_ca_file if ssl_ca_file.present?
+  def net_http_verify_mode
+    mode = ssl_verify? ? OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER : OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+    log_ssl_debug("Net::HTTP verify mode: #{mode == OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER ? 'VERIFY_PEER' : 'VERIFY_NONE'}")
+    mode
+  end
+
+  # Returns CA file path if configured
+  #
+  # @return [String, nil] Path to CA file or nil if not configured
+  def ssl_ca_file
+    ssl_configuration.ca_file
+  end
+
+  # Returns whether SSL verification is enabled
+  # nil or true both mean verification is enabled; only explicit false disables it
+  #
+  # @return [Boolean] true if SSL verification is enabled
+  def ssl_verify?
+    ssl_configuration.verify != false
+  end
+
+  # Returns whether SSL debug logging is enabled
+  #
+  # @return [Boolean] true if debug logging is enabled
+  def ssl_debug?
+    ssl_configuration.debug == true
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    # Returns the SSL configuration from Rails
+    #
+    # @return [ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions] SSL configuration
+    def ssl_configuration
+      Rails.configuration.x.ssl
+    end
+
+    # Logs a debug message if SSL debug mode is enabled
+    #
+    # @param message [String] Message to log
+    def log_ssl_debug(message)
+      return unless ssl_debug?
+
+      Rails.logger.debug("[SSL Debug] #{message}")
+    end
+end
diff --git a/app/models/eval/langfuse/client.rb b/app/models/eval/langfuse/client.rb
index ceac2fb69..75701e1cb 100644
--- a/app/models/eval/langfuse/client.rb
+++ b/app/models/eval/langfuse/client.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,30 @@
 class Eval::Langfuse::Client
+  extend SslConfigurable
+
   BASE_URLS = {
     us: "https://us.cloud.langfuse.com/api/public",
     eu: "https://cloud.langfuse.com/api/public"
   }.freeze
 
+  # OpenSSL 3.x version threshold for CRL workaround
+  # See: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/619
+  OPENSSL_3_VERSION = 0x30000000
+
+  # CRL-related OpenSSL error codes that can be safely bypassed
+  # These errors occur when CRL (Certificate Revocation List) is unavailable
+  def self.crl_errors
+    @crl_errors ||= begin
+      errors = [
+        OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL,
+        OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED,
+        OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
+      ]
+      # V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER may not exist in all OpenSSL versions
+      errors << OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER if defined?(OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER)
+      errors.freeze
+    end
+  end
+
   class Error < StandardError; end
   class ConfigurationError < Error; end
   class ApiError < Error
@@ -176,12 +197,24 @@ class Eval::Langfuse::Client
       http.read_timeout = 30
       http.open_timeout = 10
 
-      # Fix for OpenSSL 3.x CRL checking issues
+      # Apply SSL configuration from centralized config
+      http.verify_mode = self.class.net_http_verify_mode
+      http.ca_file = self.class.ssl_ca_file if self.class.ssl_ca_file.present?
+
+      # Fix for OpenSSL 3.x CRL checking issues (only when verification is enabled)
       # See: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/619
-      http.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
-      if OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30000000
-        # Disable CRL checking which can fail on some certificates
-        http.verify_callback = ->(_preverify_ok, _store_ctx) { true }
+      # Only bypass CRL-specific errors, not all certificate verification
+      if self.class.ssl_verify? && OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= OPENSSL_3_VERSION
+        crl_error_codes = self.class.crl_errors
+        http.verify_callback = ->(preverify_ok, store_ctx) {
+          # Bypass only CRL-specific errors (these fail when CRL is unavailable)
+          # For all other errors, preserve the original verification result
+          if crl_error_codes.include?(store_ctx.error)
+            true
+          else
+            preverify_ok
+          end
+        }
       end
 
       response = http.request(request)
diff --git a/app/models/provider/coinbase.rb b/app/models/provider/coinbase.rb
index 73a10c163..ec68cda02 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/coinbase.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/coinbase.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 class Provider::Coinbase
+  include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
+
   class Error < StandardError; end
   class AuthenticationError < Error; end
   class RateLimitError < Error; end
@@ -7,6 +10,9 @@ class Provider::Coinbase
   # CDP API base URL
   API_BASE_URL = "https://api.coinbase.com".freeze
 
+  base_uri API_BASE_URL
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 30 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
+
   attr_reader :api_key, :api_secret
 
   def initialize(api_key:, api_secret:)
@@ -57,7 +63,8 @@ class Provider::Coinbase
   # Get spot price for a currency pair (e.g., "BTC-USD")
   # This is a public endpoint that doesn't require authentication
   def get_spot_price(currency_pair)
-    response = HTTParty.get("#{API_BASE_URL}/v2/prices/#{currency_pair}/spot", timeout: 10)
+    # Use self.class.get to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
+    response = self.class.get("/v2/prices/#{currency_pair}/spot", timeout: 10)
     handle_response(response)["data"]
   rescue => e
     Rails.logger.warn("Coinbase: Failed to fetch spot price for #{currency_pair}: #{e.message}")
@@ -78,13 +85,13 @@ class Provider::Coinbase
   private
 
     def get(path, params: {})
-      url = "#{API_BASE_URL}#{path}"
+      url = path
       url += "?#{params.to_query}" if params.any?
 
-      response = HTTParty.get(
+      # Use self.class.get to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
+      response = self.class.get(
         url,
-        headers: auth_headers("GET", path),
-        timeout: 30
+        headers: auth_headers("GET", path)
       )
 
       handle_response(response)
@@ -101,16 +108,14 @@ class Provider::Coinbase
           uri = URI.parse(next_uri)
           current_path = uri.path
           current_path += "?#{uri.query}" if uri.query
-          url = "#{API_BASE_URL}#{current_path}"
         else
           current_path = path
-          url = "#{API_BASE_URL}#{path}"
         end
 
-        response = HTTParty.get(
-          url,
-          headers: auth_headers("GET", current_path.split("?").first),
-          timeout: 30
+        # Use self.class.get to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
+        response = self.class.get(
+          current_path,
+          headers: auth_headers("GET", current_path.split("?").first)
         )
 
         data = handle_response(response)
diff --git a/app/models/provider/coinstats.rb b/app/models/provider/coinstats.rb
index 0fc0d8695..3ffa814b4 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/coinstats.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/coinstats.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # Handles authentication and requests to the CoinStats OpenAPI.
 class Provider::Coinstats < Provider
   include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   # Subclass so errors caught in this provider are raised as Provider::Coinstats::Error
   Error = Class.new(Provider::Error)
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ class Provider::Coinstats < Provider
   BASE_URL = "https://openapiv1.coinstats.app"
 
   headers "User-Agent" => "Sure Finance CoinStats Client (https://github.com/we-promise/sure)"
-  default_options.merge!(verify: true, ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, timeout: 120)
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 120 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
 
   attr_reader :api_key
 
diff --git a/app/models/provider/enable_banking.rb b/app/models/provider/enable_banking.rb
index 09770a47a..eb7ebd025 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/enable_banking.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/enable_banking.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ require "cgi"
 
 class Provider::EnableBanking
   include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   BASE_URL = "https://api.enablebanking.com".freeze
 
   headers "User-Agent" => "Sure Finance Enable Banking Client"
-  default_options.merge!(verify: true, ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, timeout: 120)
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 120 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
 
   attr_reader :application_id, :private_key
 
diff --git a/app/models/provider/lunchflow.rb b/app/models/provider/lunchflow.rb
index b827368d1..f849bc5fd 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/lunchflow.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/lunchflow.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 class Provider::Lunchflow
   include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   headers "User-Agent" => "Sure Finance Lunch Flow Client"
-  default_options.merge!(verify: true, ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, timeout: 120)
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 120 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
 
   attr_reader :api_key, :base_url
 
diff --git a/app/models/provider/mercury.rb b/app/models/provider/mercury.rb
index c78c14c1b..566dc0bd7 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/mercury.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/mercury.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 class Provider::Mercury
   include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   headers "User-Agent" => "Sure Finance Mercury Client"
-  default_options.merge!(verify: true, ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, timeout: 120)
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 120 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
 
   attr_reader :token, :base_url
 
diff --git a/app/models/provider/simplefin.rb b/app/models/provider/simplefin.rb
index 5ceb2ecad..b878106bb 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/simplefin.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/simplefin.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ class Provider::Simplefin
   # These are centralized in `Rails.configuration.x.simplefin.*` via
   # `config/initializers/simplefin.rb`.
   include HTTParty
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   headers "User-Agent" => "Sure Finance SimpleFin Client"
-  default_options.merge!(verify: true, ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, timeout: 120)
+  default_options.merge!({ timeout: 120 }.merge(httparty_ssl_options))
 
   # Retry configuration for transient network failures
   MAX_RETRIES = 3
@@ -34,8 +35,9 @@ class Provider::Simplefin
 
     # Use retry logic for transient network failures during token claim
     # Claim should be fast; keep request-path latency bounded.
+    # Use self.class.post to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
     response = with_retries("POST /claim", max_retries: 1, sleep: false) do
-      HTTParty.post(claim_url, timeout: 15)
+      self.class.post(claim_url, timeout: 15)
     end
 
     case response.code
@@ -71,8 +73,9 @@ class Provider::Simplefin
 
     # The access URL already contains HTTP Basic Auth credentials
     # Use retry logic with exponential backoff for transient network failures
+    # Use self.class.get to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
     response = with_retries("GET /accounts") do
-      HTTParty.get(accounts_url)
+      self.class.get(accounts_url)
     end
 
     case response.code
@@ -98,7 +101,8 @@ class Provider::Simplefin
   end
 
   def get_info(base_url)
-    response = HTTParty.get("#{base_url}/info")
+    # Use self.class.get to inherit class-level SSL and timeout defaults
+    response = self.class.get("#{base_url}/info")
 
     case response.code
     when 200
diff --git a/app/models/provider/twelve_data.rb b/app/models/provider/twelve_data.rb
index fef92e1bc..d360e5189 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/twelve_data.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/twelve_data.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 class Provider::TwelveData < Provider
   include ExchangeRateConcept, SecurityConcept
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   # Subclass so errors caught in this provider are raised as Provider::TwelveData::Error
   Error = Class.new(Provider::Error)
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ class Provider::TwelveData < Provider
     end
 
     def client
-      @client ||= Faraday.new(url: base_url) do |faraday|
+      @client ||= Faraday.new(url: base_url, ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options) do |faraday|
         faraday.request(:retry, {
           max: 2,
           interval: 0.05,
diff --git a/app/models/provider/yahoo_finance.rb b/app/models/provider/yahoo_finance.rb
index 626b4312f..75b82520c 100644
--- a/app/models/provider/yahoo_finance.rb
+++ b/app/models/provider/yahoo_finance.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 class Provider::YahooFinance < Provider
   include ExchangeRateConcept, SecurityConcept
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   # Subclass so errors caught in this provider are raised as Provider::YahooFinance::Error
   Error = Class.new(Provider::Error)
@@ -494,7 +495,7 @@ class Provider::YahooFinance < Provider
     end
 
     def client
-      @client ||= Faraday.new(url: base_url) do |faraday|
+      @client ||= Faraday.new(url: base_url, ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options) do |faraday|
         faraday.request(:retry, {
           max: max_retries,
           interval: retry_interval,
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ class Provider::YahooFinance < Provider
 
     # Client for authentication requests (no error raising - fc.yahoo.com returns 404 but sets cookie)
     def auth_client
-      @auth_client ||= Faraday.new do |faraday|
+      @auth_client ||= Faraday.new(ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options) do |faraday|
         faraday.headers["User-Agent"] = random_user_agent
         faraday.headers["Accept"] = "*/*"
         faraday.headers["Accept-Language"] = "en-US,en;q=0.9"
@@ -620,7 +621,7 @@ class Provider::YahooFinance < Provider
 
     # Client for authenticated requests (includes cookie header)
     def authenticated_client(cookie)
-      Faraday.new(url: base_url) do |faraday|
+      Faraday.new(url: base_url, ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options) do |faraday|
         faraday.request(:retry, {
           max: max_retries,
           interval: retry_interval,
diff --git a/app/models/sso_provider.rb b/app/models/sso_provider.rb
index d41b4c0e8..8bf8dbc09 100644
--- a/app/models/sso_provider.rb
+++ b/app/models/sso_provider.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 class SsoProvider < ApplicationRecord
   include Encryptable
+  extend SslConfigurable
 
   # Encrypt sensitive credentials if ActiveRecord encryption is configured
   if encryption_ready?
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class SsoProvider < ApplicationRecord
 
       begin
         discovery_url = issuer.end_with?("/") ? "#{issuer}.well-known/openid-configuration" : "#{issuer}/.well-known/openid-configuration"
-        response = Faraday.get(discovery_url) do |req|
+        response = Faraday.new(ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options).get(discovery_url) do |req|
           req.options.timeout = 5
           req.options.open_timeout = 3
         end
diff --git a/app/models/sso_provider_tester.rb b/app/models/sso_provider_tester.rb
index 0464088c4..7b27f08b7 100644
--- a/app/models/sso_provider_tester.rb
+++ b/app/models/sso_provider_tester.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 # Tests SSO provider configuration by validating discovery endpoints
 class SsoProviderTester
+  extend SslConfigurable
+
   attr_reader :provider, :result
 
   Result = Struct.new(:success?, :message, :details, keyword_init: true)
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ class SsoProviderTester
       discovery_url = build_discovery_url(provider.issuer)
 
       begin
-        response = Faraday.get(discovery_url) do |req|
+        response = faraday_client.get(discovery_url) do |req|
           req.options.timeout = 10
           req.options.open_timeout = 5
         end
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ class SsoProviderTester
       metadata_url = provider.settings&.dig("idp_metadata_url")
       if metadata_url.present?
         begin
-          response = Faraday.get(metadata_url) do |req|
+          response = faraday_client.get(metadata_url) do |req|
             req.options.timeout = 10
             req.options.open_timeout = 5
           end
@@ -198,4 +200,8 @@ class SsoProviderTester
         "#{issuer}/.well-known/openid-configuration"
       end
     end
+
+    def faraday_client
+      @faraday_client ||= Faraday.new(ssl: self.class.faraday_ssl_options)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/config/initializers/00_ssl.rb b/config/initializers/00_ssl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acebcfec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/initializers/00_ssl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "openssl"
+require "fileutils"
+
+# Centralized SSL/TLS configuration for outbound HTTPS connections.
+#
+# This enables support for self-signed certificates in self-hosted environments
+# where servers use internal CAs or self-signed certificates.
+#
+# Environment Variables:
+#   SSL_CA_FILE - Path to custom CA certificate file (PEM format)
+#   SSL_VERIFY  - Set to "false" to disable SSL verification (NOT RECOMMENDED for production)
+#   SSL_DEBUG   - Set to "true" to enable verbose SSL logging
+#
+# Example usage in docker-compose.yml:
+#   environment:
+#     SSL_CA_FILE: /certs/my-ca.crt
+#   volumes:
+#     - ./my-ca.crt:/certs/my-ca.crt:ro
+#
+# Security Warning:
+#   Disabling SSL verification (SSL_VERIFY=false) removes protection against
+#   man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this for development/testing environments.
+#
+# IMPORTANT: When a valid SSL_CA_FILE is provided, this initializer sets the
+# SSL_CERT_FILE environment variable to a combined CA bundle (system CAs + custom CA).
+# This is a *global* side-effect that affects ALL SSL connections in the Ruby process,
+# including gems that do not go through SslConfigurable (e.g. openid_connect).
+# This is intentional — it ensures OIDC discovery, webhook callbacks, and any other
+# outbound HTTPS connection trusts both public CAs and the user's custom CA.
+
+# Path for the combined CA bundle file (predictable location for debugging)
+COMBINED_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = Rails.root.join("tmp", "ssl_ca_bundle.pem").freeze
+
+# Boot-time helper for SSL certificate validation and bundle creation.
+#
+# This is intentionally a standalone module (not nested under SslConfigurable)
+# because SslConfigurable is autoloaded by Zeitwerk from app/models/concerns/.
+# Reopening that module here at boot time would register the constant before
+# Zeitwerk, preventing the real concern (with httparty_ssl_options, etc.) from
+# ever being loaded — causing NameError at class load time in providers.
+module SslInitializerHelper
+  module_function
+
+  # PEM certificate format markers (X.509 standard)
+  PEM_CERT_BEGIN = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----"
+  PEM_CERT_END = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
+
+  # Validates a CA certificate file.
+  # Supports single certs and multi-cert PEM bundles (CA chains).
+  #
+  # @param path [String] Path to the CA certificate file
+  # @return [Hash] Validation result with :path, :valid, and :error keys
+  def validate_ca_certificate_file(path)
+    result = { path: nil, valid: false, error: nil }
+
+    unless File.exist?(path)
+      result[:error] = "File not found: #{path}"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE specified but file not found: #{path}")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    unless File.readable?(path)
+      result[:error] = "File not readable: #{path}"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE specified but file not readable: #{path}")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    unless File.file?(path)
+      result[:error] = "Path is not a file: #{path}"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE specified but is not a file: #{path}")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    # Sanity check file size (CA certs should be < 1MB)
+    file_size = File.size(path)
+    if file_size > 1_000_000
+      result[:error] = "File too large (#{file_size} bytes) - expected a PEM certificate"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE is unexpectedly large: #{path} (#{file_size} bytes)")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    # Validate PEM format using standard X.509 markers
+    content = File.read(path)
+    unless content.include?(PEM_CERT_BEGIN)
+      result[:error] = "Invalid PEM format - missing BEGIN CERTIFICATE marker"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE does not appear to be a valid PEM certificate: #{path}")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    unless content.include?(PEM_CERT_END)
+      result[:error] = "Invalid PEM format - missing END CERTIFICATE marker"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE has incomplete PEM format: #{path}")
+      return result
+    end
+
+    # Parse and validate every certificate in the PEM file.
+    # OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new only parses the first PEM block,
+    # so multi-cert bundles (CA chains) need per-block validation.
+    begin
+      pem_blocks = content.scan(/#{PEM_CERT_BEGIN}[\s\S]+?#{PEM_CERT_END}/)
+      raise OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError, "No certificates found in PEM file" if pem_blocks.empty?
+
+      pem_blocks.each_with_index do |pem, index|
+        OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem)
+      rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError => e
+        raise OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError, "Certificate #{index + 1} of #{pem_blocks.size} is invalid: #{e.message}"
+      end
+
+      result[:path] = path
+      result[:valid] = true
+    rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError => e
+      result[:error] = "Invalid certificate: #{e.message}"
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] SSL_CA_FILE contains invalid certificate: #{e.message}")
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Finds the system CA certificate bundle path using OpenSSL's detection
+  #
+  # @return [String, nil] Path to system CA bundle or nil if not found
+  def find_system_ca_bundle
+    # First, check if SSL_CERT_FILE is already set (user may have their own bundle)
+    existing_cert_file = ENV["SSL_CERT_FILE"]
+    if existing_cert_file.present? && File.exist?(existing_cert_file) && File.readable?(existing_cert_file)
+      return existing_cert_file
+    end
+
+    # Use OpenSSL's built-in CA file detection
+    openssl_ca_file = OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_FILE
+    if openssl_ca_file.present? && File.exist?(openssl_ca_file) && File.readable?(openssl_ca_file)
+      return openssl_ca_file
+    end
+
+    # Use OpenSSL's default certificate directory as fallback
+    openssl_ca_dir = OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_DIR
+    if openssl_ca_dir.present? && Dir.exist?(openssl_ca_dir)
+      # Look for common bundle file names in the certificate directory
+      %w[ca-certificates.crt ca-bundle.crt cert.pem].each do |bundle_name|
+        bundle_path = File.join(openssl_ca_dir, bundle_name)
+        return bundle_path if File.exist?(bundle_path) && File.readable?(bundle_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Creates a combined CA bundle with system CAs and custom CA.
+  # Writes to a predictable path (tmp/ssl_ca_bundle.pem) for easy debugging
+  # and to avoid Tempfile GC lifecycle issues.
+  #
+  # @param custom_ca_path [String] Path to the custom CA certificate
+  # @param output_path [String] Where to write the combined bundle
+  # @return [String, nil] Path to the combined bundle, or nil on failure
+  def create_combined_ca_bundle(custom_ca_path, output_path: COMBINED_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+    system_ca = find_system_ca_bundle
+    unless system_ca
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] Could not find system CA bundle - using custom CA only")
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    begin
+      system_content = File.read(system_ca)
+      custom_content = File.read(custom_ca_path)
+
+      # Ensure the parent directory exists
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(output_path))
+
+      File.write(output_path, system_content + "\n# Custom CA Certificate\n" + custom_content)
+
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL] Created combined CA bundle: #{output_path}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - System CA source: #{system_ca}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - Custom CA source: #{custom_ca_path}")
+
+      output_path.to_s
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      Rails.logger.error("[SSL] Failed to create combined CA bundle: #{e.message}")
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Logs SSL configuration summary at startup
+  #
+  # @param ssl_config [ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions] SSL configuration
+  def log_ssl_configuration(ssl_config)
+    if ssl_config.debug
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL] Debug mode enabled - verbose SSL logging active")
+    end
+
+    if ssl_config.ca_file.present?
+      if ssl_config.ca_file_valid
+        Rails.logger.info("[SSL] Custom CA certificate configured and validated: #{ssl_config.ca_file}")
+      else
+        Rails.logger.error("[SSL] Custom CA certificate configured but invalid: #{ssl_config.ca_file_error}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless ssl_config.verify
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] " + "=" * 60)
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] WARNING: SSL verification is DISABLED")
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] This is insecure and should only be used for development/testing")
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] Set SSL_VERIFY=true or remove the variable for production")
+      Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] " + "=" * 60)
+    end
+
+    if ssl_config.debug
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL] Configuration summary:")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - SSL verification: #{ssl_config.verify ? 'ENABLED' : 'DISABLED'}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - Custom CA file: #{ssl_config.ca_file || 'not configured'}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - CA file valid: #{ssl_config.ca_file_valid}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - Combined CA bundle: #{ssl_config.combined_ca_bundle || 'not created'}")
+      Rails.logger.info("[SSL]   - SSL_CERT_FILE: #{ENV['SSL_CERT_FILE'] || 'not set'}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Configure SSL settings
+Rails.application.configure do
+  config.x.ssl ||= ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+
+  truthy_values = %w[1 true yes on].freeze
+  falsy_values = %w[0 false no off].freeze
+
+  # Debug mode for verbose SSL logging
+  debug_env = ENV["SSL_DEBUG"].to_s.strip.downcase
+  config.x.ssl.debug = truthy_values.include?(debug_env)
+
+  # SSL verification (default: true)
+  verify_env = ENV["SSL_VERIFY"].to_s.strip.downcase
+  config.x.ssl.verify = !falsy_values.include?(verify_env)
+
+  # Custom CA certificate file for trusting self-signed certificates
+  ca_file = ENV["SSL_CA_FILE"].presence
+  config.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+  config.x.ssl.ca_file_valid = false
+
+  if ca_file
+    ca_file_status = SslInitializerHelper.validate_ca_certificate_file(ca_file)
+    config.x.ssl.ca_file = ca_file_status[:path]
+    config.x.ssl.ca_file_valid = ca_file_status[:valid]
+    config.x.ssl.ca_file_error = ca_file_status[:error]
+
+    # Create combined CA bundle and set SSL_CERT_FILE for global SSL configuration.
+    #
+    # This sets ENV["SSL_CERT_FILE"] globally so that ALL Ruby SSL connections
+    # (including gems like openid_connect that bypass SslConfigurable) will trust
+    # both system CAs (for public services) and the custom CA (for self-signed services).
+    if ca_file_status[:valid]
+      combined_path = SslInitializerHelper.create_combined_ca_bundle(ca_file_status[:path])
+      if combined_path
+        config.x.ssl.combined_ca_bundle = combined_path
+        ENV["SSL_CERT_FILE"] = combined_path
+        Rails.logger.info("[SSL] Set SSL_CERT_FILE=#{combined_path} for global SSL configuration")
+      else
+        # Fallback: just use the custom CA (may break connections to public services)
+        Rails.logger.warn("[SSL] Could not create combined CA bundle, using custom CA only. " \
+          "Connections to public services (not using your custom CA) may fail.")
+        ENV["SSL_CERT_FILE"] = ca_file_status[:path]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Log configuration summary at startup
+  SslInitializerHelper.log_ssl_configuration(config.x.ssl)
+end
diff --git a/config/initializers/omniauth.rb b/config/initializers/omniauth.rb
index 1b4d301b3..449d70504 100644
--- a/config/initializers/omniauth.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/omniauth.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,14 @@ Rails.application.config.middleware.use OmniAuth::Builder do
         client_options: {
           identifier: client_id,
           secret: client_secret,
-          redirect_uri: redirect_uri
+          redirect_uri: redirect_uri,
+          ssl: begin
+                 ssl_config = Rails.configuration.x.ssl
+                 ssl_opts = {}
+                 ssl_opts[:ca_file] = ssl_config.ca_file if ssl_config&.ca_file.present?
+                 ssl_opts[:verify] = false if ssl_config&.verify == false
+                 ssl_opts
+               end
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/docs/hosting/oidc.md b/docs/hosting/oidc.md
index 3aa676b8a..9100bb5f9 100644
--- a/docs/hosting/oidc.md
+++ b/docs/hosting/oidc.md
@@ -471,7 +471,68 @@ When adding an OIDC provider, Sure validates the `.well-known/openid-configurati
 - Ensure the issuer URL is correct and accessible
 - Check firewall rules allow outbound HTTPS to the issuer
 - Verify the issuer returns valid JSON with an `issuer` field
-- For self-signed certificates, you may need to configure SSL verification
+- For self-signed certificates, configure SSL verification (see below)
+
+### Self-signed certificate support
+
+If your identity provider uses self-signed certificates or certificates from an internal CA, configure the following environment variables:
+
+| Variable | Description | Default |
+|----------|-------------|---------|
+| `SSL_CA_FILE` | Path to custom CA certificate (PEM format) | Not set |
+| `SSL_VERIFY` | Enable/disable SSL verification | `true` |
+| `SSL_DEBUG` | Enable verbose SSL logging | `false` |
+
+**Option 1: Custom CA certificate (recommended)**
+
+Mount your CA certificate into the container and set `SSL_CA_FILE`:
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  app:
+    environment:
+      SSL_CA_FILE: /certs/my-ca.crt
+    volumes:
+      - ./my-ca.crt:/certs/my-ca.crt:ro
+```
+
+The certificate file must:
+- Be in PEM format (starts with `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----`)
+- Be readable by the application
+- Be the CA certificate that signed your server's SSL certificate
+
+**Option 2: Disable SSL verification (NOT recommended for production)**
+
+For testing only, you can disable SSL verification:
+
+```bash
+SSL_VERIFY=false
+```
+
+**Warning:** Disabling SSL verification removes protection against man-in-the-middle attacks. Only use this for development or testing environments.
+
+**Troubleshooting SSL issues**
+
+Enable debug logging to diagnose SSL certificate problems:
+
+```bash
+SSL_DEBUG=true
+```
+
+This will log detailed information about SSL connections, including:
+- Which CA file is being used
+- SSL verification mode
+- Detailed error messages with resolution hints
+
+Common error messages and solutions:
+
+| Error | Solution |
+|-------|----------|
+| `self-signed certificate` | Set `SSL_CA_FILE` to your CA certificate |
+| `certificate verify failed` | Ensure `SSL_CA_FILE` points to the correct CA |
+| `certificate has expired` | Renew the server's SSL certificate |
+| `unknown CA` | Add the issuing CA to `SSL_CA_FILE` |
 
 ### Rate limiting errors (429)
 
diff --git a/test/models/concerns/ssl_configurable_test.rb b/test/models/concerns/ssl_configurable_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89d6cfa2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/concerns/ssl_configurable_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SslConfigurableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # Create a simple test host that extends SslConfigurable, mirroring how
+  # providers use it in the actual codebase.
+  class SslTestHost
+    extend SslConfigurable
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    # Snapshot original config so we can restore it in teardown
+    @original_verify = Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify
+    @original_ca_file = Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file
+    @original_debug = Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = @original_verify
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = @original_ca_file
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = @original_debug
+  end
+
+  # -- ssl_verify? --
+
+  test "ssl_verify? returns true when verify is nil (default)" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = nil
+    assert SslTestHost.ssl_verify?
+  end
+
+  test "ssl_verify? returns true when verify is true" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    assert SslTestHost.ssl_verify?
+  end
+
+  test "ssl_verify? returns false when verify is explicitly false" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = false
+    refute SslTestHost.ssl_verify?
+  end
+
+  # -- ssl_ca_file --
+
+  test "ssl_ca_file returns nil when no CA file is configured" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+    assert_nil SslTestHost.ssl_ca_file
+  end
+
+  test "ssl_ca_file returns the configured path" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = "/certs/my-ca.crt"
+    assert_equal "/certs/my-ca.crt", SslTestHost.ssl_ca_file
+  end
+
+  # -- ssl_debug? --
+
+  test "ssl_debug? returns false when debug is nil" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = nil
+    refute SslTestHost.ssl_debug?
+  end
+
+  test "ssl_debug? returns true when debug is true" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = true
+    assert SslTestHost.ssl_debug?
+  end
+
+  # -- faraday_ssl_options --
+
+  test "faraday_ssl_options returns verify true with no CA file by default" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.faraday_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal true, options[:verify]
+    assert_nil options[:ca_file]
+  end
+
+  test "faraday_ssl_options includes ca_file when configured" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = "/certs/my-ca.crt"
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.faraday_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal true, options[:verify]
+    assert_equal "/certs/my-ca.crt", options[:ca_file]
+  end
+
+  test "faraday_ssl_options returns verify false when verification disabled" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = false
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.faraday_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal false, options[:verify]
+  end
+
+  test "faraday_ssl_options includes both verify false and ca_file when both configured" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = false
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = "/certs/my-ca.crt"
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.faraday_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal false, options[:verify]
+    assert_equal "/certs/my-ca.crt", options[:ca_file]
+  end
+
+  # -- httparty_ssl_options --
+
+  test "httparty_ssl_options returns verify true with no CA file by default" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.httparty_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal true, options[:verify]
+    assert_nil options[:ssl_ca_file]
+  end
+
+  test "httparty_ssl_options includes ssl_ca_file when configured" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = "/certs/my-ca.crt"
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.httparty_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal true, options[:verify]
+    assert_equal "/certs/my-ca.crt", options[:ssl_ca_file]
+  end
+
+  test "httparty_ssl_options returns verify false when verification disabled" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = false
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.ca_file = nil
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    options = SslTestHost.httparty_ssl_options
+
+    assert_equal false, options[:verify]
+  end
+
+  # -- net_http_verify_mode --
+
+  test "net_http_verify_mode returns VERIFY_PEER when verification enabled" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = true
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    assert_equal OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, SslTestHost.net_http_verify_mode
+  end
+
+  test "net_http_verify_mode returns VERIFY_NONE when verification disabled" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = false
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    assert_equal OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE, SslTestHost.net_http_verify_mode
+  end
+
+  test "net_http_verify_mode returns VERIFY_PEER when verify is nil" do
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.verify = nil
+    Rails.configuration.x.ssl.debug = false
+
+    assert_equal OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, SslTestHost.net_http_verify_mode
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/eval/langfuse_client_test.rb b/test/models/eval/langfuse_client_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023e2608c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/eval/langfuse_client_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+require "test_helper"
+require "ostruct"
+
+class Eval::LangfuseClientTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # -- CRL error list --
+
+  test "crl_errors includes standard CRL error codes" do
+    errors = Eval::Langfuse::Client.crl_errors
+
+    assert_includes errors, OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
+    assert_includes errors, OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED
+    assert_includes errors, OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
+  end
+
+  test "crl_errors is frozen" do
+    assert Eval::Langfuse::Client.crl_errors.frozen?
+  end
+
+  # -- CRL verify callback behavior --
+  # The callback should bypass only CRL-specific errors while preserving the
+  # original verification result for all other error types.
+
+  test "CRL callback returns true for CRL-unavailable errors" do
+    crl_error_codes = Eval::Langfuse::Client.crl_errors
+    store_ctx = OpenStruct.new(error: OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL)
+
+    callback = build_crl_callback(crl_error_codes)
+
+    assert callback.call(false, store_ctx), "CRL errors should be bypassed even when preverify_ok is false"
+  end
+
+  test "CRL callback preserves preverify_ok for non-CRL errors" do
+    crl_error_codes = Eval::Langfuse::Client.crl_errors
+    # V_OK (0) is not a CRL error
+    store_ctx = OpenStruct.new(error: 0)
+
+    callback = build_crl_callback(crl_error_codes)
+
+    assert callback.call(true, store_ctx), "Non-CRL errors with preverify_ok=true should pass"
+    refute callback.call(false, store_ctx), "Non-CRL errors with preverify_ok=false should fail"
+  end
+
+  test "CRL callback rejects cert errors that are not CRL-related" do
+    crl_error_codes = Eval::Langfuse::Client.crl_errors
+    # V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED is a real cert error, not CRL
+    store_ctx = OpenStruct.new(error: OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED)
+
+    callback = build_crl_callback(crl_error_codes)
+
+    refute callback.call(false, store_ctx), "Non-CRL cert errors should not be bypassed"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    # Reconstructs the same lambda used in Eval::Langfuse::Client#execute_request
+    # for isolated testing without needing a real Net::HTTP connection.
+    def build_crl_callback(crl_error_codes)
+      ->(preverify_ok, store_ctx) {
+        if crl_error_codes.include?(store_ctx.error)
+          true
+        else
+          preverify_ok
+        end
+      }
+    end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/provider/simplefin_test.rb b/test/models/provider/simplefin_test.rb
index e0cbaee23..a795b7342 100644
--- a/test/models/provider/simplefin_test.rb
+++ b/test/models/provider/simplefin_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # First call raises timeout, second call succeeds
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 200, body: '{"accounts": []}')
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:get)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get)
       .times(2)
       .raises(Net::ReadTimeout.new("Connection timed out"))
       .then.returns(mock_response)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "retries on Net::OpenTimeout and succeeds on retry" do
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 200, body: '{"accounts": []}')
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:get)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get)
       .times(2)
       .raises(Net::OpenTimeout.new("Connection timed out"))
       .then.returns(mock_response)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "retries on SocketError and succeeds on retry" do
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 200, body: '{"accounts": []}')
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:get)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get)
       .times(2)
       .raises(SocketError.new("Failed to open TCP connection"))
       .then.returns(mock_response)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "raises SimplefinError after max retries exceeded" do
-    HTTParty.expects(:get)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get)
       .times(4) # Initial + 3 retries
       .raises(Net::ReadTimeout.new("Connection timed out"))
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "does not retry on non-retryable errors" do
-    HTTParty.expects(:get)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get)
       .times(1)
       .raises(ArgumentError.new("Invalid argument"))
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "handles HTTP 429 rate limit response" do
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 429, body: "Rate limit exceeded")
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:get).returns(mock_response)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get).returns(mock_response)
 
     error = assert_raises(Provider::Simplefin::SimplefinError) do
       @provider.get_accounts(@access_url)
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "handles HTTP 500 server error response" do
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 500, body: "Internal Server Error")
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:get).returns(mock_response)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:get).returns(mock_response)
 
     error = assert_raises(Provider::Simplefin::SimplefinError) do
       @provider.get_accounts(@access_url)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class Provider::SimplefinTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     setup_token = Base64.encode64("https://example.com/claim")
     mock_response = OpenStruct.new(code: 200, body: "https://example.com/access")
 
-    HTTParty.expects(:post)
+    Provider::Simplefin.expects(:post)
       .times(2)
       .raises(Net::ReadTimeout.new("Connection timed out"))
       .then.returns(mock_response)